{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:27:18Z","timestamp":1764588438662,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to develop a physical model and investigate the bactericidal effect of an automated hand-washing system through numerical computation, which is essential in areas affected by COVID-19 to ensure safety and limit the spread of the pandemic. The computational fluid dynamics approach is used to study the movement of the solution inside the hand-washing chamber. The finite element method with the k-\u03b5 model is applied to solve the incompressible Navier\u2013Stokes equations. The numerical results provide insights into the solution\u2019s hydrodynamic values, streamlines, and density in the two cases of with a hand and without a hand. The pressure and mean velocity of the fluid in the hand-washing chamber increases when the inlet flow rates increase. When the hand-washing chamber operates, it creates whirlpools around the hands, which remove bacteria. In addition, the liquid inlet flow affects the pressure in the hand-washing chamber. The ability to predict the hydraulic and cleaning performance efficiencies of the hand-washing chamber is crucial for evaluating its operability and improving its design in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11090167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T07:25:24Z","timestamp":1692775524000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Numerical Computation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Automated Hand-Washing System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Long","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2240-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi-Hong-Nhi","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Tran-Hanh","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa078","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 human disinfection chamber: A critical analysis","volume":"70","author":"Wickramatillake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. 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