{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T18:28:58Z","timestamp":1783362538629,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their excellent properties, triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have been applied to design scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Predicting the mechanical response of bone scaffolds in different loading conditions is vital to designing scaffolds. The optimal mechanical properties can be achieved by tuning their geometrical parameters to mimic the mechanical properties of natural bone. In this study, we designed gyroid scaffolds of different user-specific pore and strut sizes using a combined TPMS and signed distance field (SDF) method to obtain varying architecture and porosities. The designed scaffolds were converted to various meshes such as surface, volume, and finite element (FE) volume meshes to create FE models with different boundary and loading conditions. The designed scaffolds under compressive loading were numerically evaluated using a finite element method (FEM) to predict and compare effective elastic moduli. The effective elastic moduli range from 0.05 GPa to 1.93 GPa was predicted for scaffolds of different architectures comparable to human trabecular bone. The results assert that the optimal mechanical properties of the scaffolds can be achieved by tuning their design and morphological parameters to match the mechanical properties of human bone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11090181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:34:12Z","timestamp":1694554452000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["In-Silico Prediction of Mechanical Behaviour of Uniform Gyroid Scaffolds Affected by Its Design Parameters for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3535-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haja-Sherief","family":"N. Musthafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvhild","family":"Bj\u00f8rkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhayalan","family":"Velauthapillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900901700218","article-title":"Review Article: Bone Transplantation and Immune Response","volume":"17","author":"Shegarfi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Musthafa, H.S.N., Velauthapillai, D., Rahman, T., Bj\u00f8rkum, A., Mustafa, K., and Walker, J. (2020). National Conference for Material Technology, NTNU."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"40","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-019-6341-8","article-title":"Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Chitosan\/Collagen Composite Scaffold","volume":"30","author":"Kafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.11.017","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering Using 3D Printing","volume":"16","author":"Bose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-017-0021-3","article-title":"Design and Mechanical Characterization of Solid and Highly Porous 3D Printed Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds","volume":"2","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.001","article-title":"The Effect of Pore Geometry on the in Vitro Biological Behavior of Human Periosteum-Derived Cells Seeded on Selective Laser-Melted Ti6Al4V Bone Scaffolds","volume":"8","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D Biomaterial Scaffolds and Osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.3.11747","article-title":"Understanding the Effect of Mean Pore Size on Cell Activity in Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S38635","article-title":"Techniques for Fabrication and Construction of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-7990\/ac5be6","article-title":"Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) Porous Structures: From Multi-Scale Design, Precise Additive Manufacturing to Multidisciplinary Applications","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Extrem. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen, R., Nielsen, M., and Sporring, J. (2006). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2014MICCAI 2006, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11866763"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900524","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201900524","article-title":"Multifunctional Mechanical Metamaterials Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattices","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206684119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2206684119","article-title":"Gaussian Curvature\u2013Driven Direction of Cell Fate toward Osteogenesis with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Scaffolds","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100667","article-title":"The Design of Strut\/TPMS-Based Pore Geometries in Bioceramic Scaffolds Guiding Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Bone Regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-014-0516-5","article-title":"Advanced Porous Scaffold Design Using Multi-Void Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Models with High Surface Area to Volume Ratios","volume":"15","author":"Yoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.06.024","article-title":"Ti-6Al-4V Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Structures for Bone Implants Fabricated via Selective Laser Melting","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.07.019","article-title":"Porous Scaffold Design Using the Distance Field and Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Models","volume":"32","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-011-0008-9","article-title":"Computer-Aided Porous Scaffold Design for Tissue Engineering Using Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.03.009","article-title":"Heterogeneous Minimal Surface Porous Scaffold Design Using the Distance Field and Radial Basis Functions","volume":"34","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"4229842","article-title":"Local Morphology Change of Tpms Structure for the Design of Functionally Graded Porous Media","volume":"224","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.11.050","article-title":"Gyroid Porous Titanium Structures: A Versatile Solution to Be Used as Scaffolds in Bone Defect Reconstruction","volume":"140","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, August 24). What is Finite Element Analysis? Why to do FEA?. Available online: https:\/\/www.graspengineering.com\/hello-world-2\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-020-01334-3","article-title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Bio-Inspired Design of Femoral Stem on Primary and Secondary Stabilities Using Mechanoregulatory Algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Mehboob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105407","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab3ac1","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Behavior, Permeability of Irregular Porous Scaffolds and Lattice-Based Porous Scaffolds","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2009.0024","article-title":"Computer-Aided Design and Finite-Element Modelling of Biomaterial Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"367","author":"Lacroix","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.022","article-title":"Micromechanical Finite-Element Modeling and Experimental Characterization of the Compressive Mechanical Properties of Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffolds Prepared by Selective Laser Sintering for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"8","author":"Eshraghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/eng3010002","article-title":"Design Data and Finite Element Analysis of 3D Printed Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)-Based Lattice Scaffolds: Influence of Type of Unit Cell, Porosity, and Nozzle Diameter on the Mechanical Behavior","volume":"3","author":"Hawker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2019.1656720","article-title":"Integrating Finite Element Modelling and 3D Printing to Engineer Biomimetic Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"61","author":"Schipani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2017.00030","article-title":"The Use of Finite Element Analyses to Design and Fabricate Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Skeletal Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Vozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.04.009","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Porous Commercially Pure Titanium for Biomedical Implant Application","volume":"725","author":"Soro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.041","article-title":"Finite Element Study of Scaffold Architecture Design and Culture Conditions for Tissue Engineering","volume":"30","author":"Olivares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32411","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c04378","article-title":"Analysis and Demonstration of a Scaffold Finite Element Model for Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.04.030","article-title":"Deformation Behavior of Porous PHBV Scaffold in Compression: A Finite Element Analysis Study","volume":"96","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"8836","article-title":"Finite Element Analysis of Porosity Effects on Mechanical Properties for Tissue Engineering Scaffold","volume":"11","author":"Saad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakarla, A.B., Kong, I., Guha Nukala, S., and Kong, W. (2022). Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Porous Scaffold for Tissue-Engineering Applications Using Finite Element Analysis. J. Compos. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6020046"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2779","article-title":"Comparative Analysis between the Mechanical Behaviour of Gradient and Uniform Lattice Structures Using Finite Element Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Seharing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2020.107712","article-title":"Computer Aided Designing and Finite Element Analysis for Development of Porous 3D Tissue Scaffold\u2014A Review","volume":"33","author":"Sahai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"101181","article-title":"Prediction of Mechanical Behavior of 3D Bioprinted Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds Using Finite Element Method (FEM) Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Soufivand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1075009","article-title":"Finite Element Modelling Approaches for Well-Ordered Porous Metallic Materials for Orthopaedic Applications: Cost Effectiveness and Geometrical Considerations","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"51","article-title":"Micro-Finite Element Model to Investigate the Mechanical Stimuli in Scaffolds Fabricated via Space Holder Technique for Cancellous Bone","volume":"13","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Des. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s41745-019-00120-0","article-title":"Geometric Modeling and Finite Element Simulation for Architecture Design of 3D Printed Bio-Ceramic Scaffold Used in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"99","author":"Bagde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60259-0","article-title":"The Influence of Implant Diameter and Length on Stress Distribution of Osseointegrated Implants Related to Crestal Bone Geometry: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Baggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-10-32","article-title":"Computational Simulation of the Bone Remodeling Using the Finite Element Method: An Elastic-Damage Theory for Small Displacements","volume":"10","author":"Idhammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.2339\/politeknik.941106","article-title":"Mimicking Bone Anisotropic Structure with Modified Gyroid Scaffolds; A Finite Element Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Daver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Politek. Derg."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Alkaios Bournias Varotsis (2023, March 05). Meshing in FEA, CFD & Manufacturing. Available online: https:\/\/ntopology.com\/blog\/meshing-in-fea-cfd-manufacturing\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, August 25). Finite Element Analysis Convergence and Mesh Independence. Available online: https:\/\/www.xceed-eng.com\/finite-element-analysis-convergence-and-mesh-independence\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"ProtoXYZ (2023, January 27). Titanium Grade 5 (Ti6Al4V). Available online: https:\/\/protoxyz.com\/materials\/Metal\/Titanium_Grade_5_(Ti6Al4V)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Blake Johnson (2023, March 05). What are the Options for Simulating Lattices?. Available online: https:\/\/support.ntopology.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360051081633."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.07.064","article-title":"Effect of Porosity Variation Strategy on the Performance of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Medori, E. (2021). Mechanical Behaviour of Fdm Printed Latice Structures with Potential for Biomedical Applications. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.109034","article-title":"Manufacturability, Mechanical Properties, Mass-Transport Properties and Biocompatibility of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting","volume":"195","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1982.0088","article-title":"The Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Cellular Materials","volume":"382","author":"Gibson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110665","article-title":"Design of a Biomimetic Graded TPMS Scaffold with Quantitatively Adjustable Pore Size","volume":"218","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1028-0","article-title":"Recent Advances in Bioprinting Techniques: Approaches, Applications and Future Prospects","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.07.049","article-title":"Synthetic Bone: Design by Additive Manufacturing","volume":"97","author":"Barba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghavi, S.A., Tamaddon, M., Marghoub, A., Wang, K., Bahrami Babam-Iri, B., Hazeli, K., Xu, W., Lu, X., Sun, C., and Wang, L. (2022). Mechanical Characterisation and Numerical Modelling of TPMS-Based Gyroid and Diamond Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Bone Implants: An Integrated Approach for Translational Consideration. Bioengineering, 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100504"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, R., Kumar, J., Singh, N.K., Rai, S.K., Kumta, S., Sehgal, S., and Saxena, K. (2022). Low Elastic Modulus and Highly Porous Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Architectured Implant for Orthopedic Applications. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E J. Process Mech. Eng., 09544089221111258.","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089221111258"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, R., Kumar, J., Singh, N.K., Rai, S.K., Saxena, K.K., Xu, J., Verma, R., Kumar, J., Singh, N.K., and Rai, S.K. (2022). Design and Analysis of Biomedical Scaffolds Using TPMS-Based Porous Structures Inspired from Additive Manufacturing. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12060839"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.109706","article-title":"Elastic Response of Anisotropic Gyroid Cellular Structures under Compression: Parametric Analysis","volume":"205","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaharin, H.A., Abdul Rani, A.M., Azam, F.I., Ginta, T.L., Sallih, N., Ahmad, A., Yunus, N.A., and Zulkifli, T.Z.A. (2018). Effect of Unit Cell Type and Pore Size on Porosity and Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Scaffolds. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122402"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Nagamoto, H. (2023, March 10). Yamaha Pairing Topology Optimization with Graded Lattices. Available online: https:\/\/ntopology.com\/blog\/user-spotlight-yamaha-pairing-topology-optimization-with-graded-lattices\/."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/11\/9\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:38Z","timestamp":1760129378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/11\/9\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["computation11090181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation11090181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}