{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:51:12Z","timestamp":1772751072237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Early Warning and Rapid Processing Technology for Expressway Pavement Icing"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acquiring accurate tire\u2013pavement interaction information is crucial for pavement mechanical analysis and pavement maintenance. This paper combines the tire finite element model (FEM) and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain tire\u2013pavement interaction information and to analyze the pavement structure response under different loading conditions. A set of experiments was initially designed through the Box\u2013Behnken design (BBD) method to obtain input and output variables for RSM calibration. The resultant RSM was evaluated accurately using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Then, tire loading simulations were conducted under different magnitudes of static loading using the optimal parameter combination obtained from the RSM. The results show that the deviations between the simulations and the real test results were mostly below 5%, validating the effectiveness of the tire FEM. Additionally, three different dynamic conditions\u2014including free rolling, full brake, and full traction\u2014were simulated by altering the tire rolling angle and translational velocities. Finally, the pavement mechanical response under the three rolling conditions was analyzed based on the tire\u2013pavement contact feature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11090186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T05:59:06Z","timestamp":1695016746000},"page":"186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tire\u2013Pavement Interaction Simulation Based on Finite Element Model and Response Surface Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingtao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong High-Speed Construction Management Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong High-Speed Construction Management Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Xianyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]},{"given":"Zejiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, J., Zhou, X., Liu, L., and Ran, M. 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