{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:05Z","timestamp":1787027885017,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering of the Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyzes the interaction of wind turbines and losses in wind farms using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mathematical model used consisted of three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier\u2013Stokes (RANS) equations, while the presence of wind turbines in the flow was simulated as additional source terms. The novelty of the research is the definition of the source term as a velocity-dependent actuator disc model (ADM). This allowed for modeling the operation of a wind farm consisting of real wind turbines, characterized by power coefficients Cp and thrust force coefficients CT, which are a function of atmospheric wind speed. The calculations presented used a real 5 MW Gamesa turbine. Two different turbine spacings, 5D and 10D, where D is the diameter of the turbine, and two different locations corresponding to the offshore and onshore conditions were examined. The proposed model can be used to analyze wind farm losses not only in terms of the geometric distribution of individual turbines but also in terms of a specific type of wind turbine and in the entire wind speed spectrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11110213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T07:24:04Z","timestamp":1698823444000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modeling of Wind Turbine Interactions and Wind Farm Losses Using the Velocity-Dependent Actuator Disc Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziemowit","family":"Malecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9265-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon","family":"Dsouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GWEC (2023). 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