{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:07:52Z","timestamp":1763662072132,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This condition leads to the loss of motor skills and, in many cases, the inability to speak. Decoding spoken words from electroencephalography (EEG) signals emerges as an essential tool to enhance the quality of life for these patients. This study compares two classification techniques: (1) the extraction of spectral power features across various frequency bands combined with support vector machines (PSD + SVM) and (2) EEGNet, a convolutional neural network specifically designed for EEG-based brain\u2013computer interfaces. An EEG dataset was acquired from 32 electrodes in 28 healthy participants pronouncing five words in Spanish. Average accuracy rates of 91.04 \u00b1 5.82% for Attention vs. Pronunciation, 73.91 \u00b1 10.04% for Short words vs. Long words, 81.23 \u00b1 10.47% for Word vs. Word, and 54.87 \u00b1 14.51% in the multiclass scenario (All words) were achieved. EEGNet outperformed the PSD + SVM method in three of the four classification scenarios. These findings demonstrate the potential of EEGNet for decoding words from EEG signals, laying the groundwork for future research in ALS patients using non-invasive methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11110225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:10:43Z","timestamp":1699841443000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["EEG-Based Classification of Spoken Words Using Machine Learning Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2061-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Alonso-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Mendoza-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Caraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Hector R.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier M.","family":"Antelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cuetos, F. 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