{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:15:25Z","timestamp":1775268925253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of West Attica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To enhance air\u2013fuel mixing and turbulence during combustion, spark ignition internal combustion engines commonly employ tumble vortices of the charge inside the cylinder. The intake phase primarily dictates the generated tumble, which is influenced by the design of the intake system. Utilizing steady-state flow rigs provides a practical method to assess an engine\u2019s cylinder head design\u2019s tumble-generating characteristics. This study aims to conduct computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations on various configurations of steady-state flow rigs and compare the resulting tumble ratios. The simulations are conducted for different inlet valve lifts of a four-valve cylinder head with a shallow pent-roof. The findings highlight variations among these widely adopted configurations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation12070138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical Simulation and Comparison of Different Steady-State Tumble Measuring Configurations for Internal Combustion Engines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Theodorakakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Egaleo, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37934\/araset.25.1.16","article-title":"Future Direction of Microalgae Biodiesel in Indonesia","volume":"25","author":"Ibham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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