{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T03:24:20Z","timestamp":1776223460171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]],"date-time":"2024-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work proposes a new two-dimensional dynamical system with complete nonlinearity. This system inherits its nonlinearity from trigonometric and hyperbolic functions like sine, cosine, and hyperbolic sine functions. This system gives birth to infinite but countable coexisting attractors before and after being forced. These two megastable systems differ in the coexisting attractors\u2019 type. Only limit cycles are possible in the autonomous version, but torus and chaotic attractors can emerge after transforming to the nonautonomous version. Because of the position of equilibrium points in different attractors\u2019 attraction basins, this system can simultaneously exhibit self-excited and hidden coexisting attractors. This system\u2019s dynamic behaviors are studied using state space, bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents (LEs) spectrum, and attraction basins. Finally, the forcing term\u2019s amplitude and frequency are unknown parameters that need to be found. The sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is used to estimate these parameters, and the cost function is designed based on the proposed system\u2019s return map. The simulation results show this algorithm\u2019s effectiveness in identifying and estimating parameters of the novel megastable chaotic system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation12120245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Megastable Chaotic System with Hidden Attractors and Its Parameter Estimation Using the Sparrow Search Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4475-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atefeh","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijeesh","family":"Vijayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, SRM Easwari Engineering College, Chennai 600089, India"},{"name":"Center for Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology-Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1303-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder","family":"Natiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Technology Engineering, College of Information Technology, Imam Ja\u2019afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad 10024, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4136-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Pchelintsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Higher Mathematics, Tambov State Technical University, Sovetskaya Str. 106, 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Rajagopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, SRM Easwari Engineering College, Chennai 600089, India"},{"name":"Center for Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology-Ramapuram, Chennai 600089, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6845-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran"},{"name":"Health Technology Research Institute, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591634311, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R647","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.50.R647","article-title":"Some simple chaotic flows","volume":"50","author":"Sprott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. 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