{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T14:21:34Z","timestamp":1777126894790,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitat Ramon Llull Aristos Campus Mundus","award":["ACM2023_03 BioCrash"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACM2023_03 BioCrash"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gyroid-like structures are promising in terms of energy absorption levels. Due to additive manufacturing, they can now be manufactured and verified for different functions. In this article, it has been proven that a Gyroid manufactured by FDM using PLA with 0.2 relative density must be oriented so that compression takes place along the build direction to obtain higher levels of force and energy. The Gyroid can be scaled, allowing the use of a single compression curve with almost constant forces up to 50% compression. The model to predict properties as a function of relative density fits well with a power-law for n = 2.2. The ability of the Gyroid to absorb energy per kilogram is about seven times lower than that of a solid PLA cube, but it can be used to obtain desired levels of deceleration. It is possible to use a simple constant deceleration model to define the Gyroid size, mass, and velocity of the object to be impacted. The use of this approach allows the tailored combination of Gyroid sizes to meet multi-objective impact targets. The simulation of impacts with a finite element model of only 125 solid elements is possible with errors below 10%. By combining different Gyroid sizes, two different safety regulations can be met. Modeling the Gyroid by meshing the real geometry allows for the local maximum force magnified at high strain rates, but it is not able to correctly predict densification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation12120248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1734595454000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Additive Manufacturing Gyroid Structures Used as Crash Energy Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Rostro-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Enginyeria en Producte Industrial (GEPI), Institut Qu\u00edmic de Sarri\u00e0, Universitat Ramon Llull, E08017 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8951-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Reyes-Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Enginyeria en Producte Industrial (GEPI), Institut Qu\u00edmic de Sarri\u00e0, Universitat Ramon Llull, E08017 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7569-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep Maria","family":"Puigoriol-Forcada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Enginyeria en Producte Industrial (GEPI), Institut Qu\u00edmic de Sarri\u00e0, Universitat Ramon Llull, E08017 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3167-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco-Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Movilidad, Biomec\u00e1nica y Salud (MOBIOS), IIT, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda (ICAI), Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sriharsha Srinivas","family":"Sundarram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6271-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres-Amador","family":"Garcia-Granada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup d\u2019Enginyeria en Producte Industrial (GEPI), Institut Qu\u00edmic de Sarri\u00e0, Universitat Ramon Llull, E08017 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doubrovski, Z., Verlinden, J.C., and Geraedts, J.M. (2011, January 28\u201331). Optimal Design for Additive Manufacturing: Opportunities and Challenges. Proceedings of the International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2011-48131"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2015.06.024","article-title":"A New Part Consolidation Method to Embrace the Design Freedom of Additive Manufacturing","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4028\/p-sO6M4z","article-title":"Optimization of Titanium Alloy-Ti-6Al-4V to Minimize Mass, Maximize Stiffness and Frequency in Additive Manufacturing","volume":"980","author":"Efa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, N.A., Sankar, M.R., and Kumar, A. (2023). State of the Art on Additive Manufacturing of Moulding Dies with Conformal Cooling Channels. International Conference on Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5959-0_5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102101","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036358","article-title":"Design for Additive Manufacturing: Internal Channel Optimization","volume":"139","author":"Pietropaoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2018.06.003","article-title":"Optimal Design and Modeling of Gyroid-Based Functionally Graded Cellular Structures for Additive Manufacturing","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Mhapsekar, K., and Anand, S. (2017, January 6\u20139). Design of Variable-Density Structures for Additive Manufacturing Using Gyroid Lattices. Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Cleveland, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghavi, S.A., Tamaddon, M., Marghoub, A., Wang, K., Babamiri, B.B., Hazeli, K., Xu, W., Lu, X., Sun, C., and Wang, L. (2022). Mechanical Characterisation and Numerical Modelling of TPMS-Based Gyroid and Diamond Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Bone Implants: An Integrated Approach for Translational Consideration. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9100504"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.11.049","article-title":"Insights into the Mechanical Properties of Several Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures Made by Polymer Additive Manufacturing","volume":"152","author":"Maskery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089231160030","article-title":"Designs, Advancements, and Applications of Three-Dimensional Printed Gyroid Structures: A Review","volume":"238","author":"Chouhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E J. Process Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Liao, W., Dai, N., and Xie, Y.M. (2019). Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Sheet-Based and Strut-Based Gyroid Cellular Structures with Graded Densities. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132183"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.6262","article-title":"A Study on the Evaluation of the Compression Behavior of PLA Lattice Structures Manufactured by FDM","volume":"13","author":"Zisopol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.26270","article-title":"3D-Printed and Foamed Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures for Energy Absorption Applications","volume":"63","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Liu, F., Fu, G., Zhang, D.Z., Zhang, T., and Zhou, H. (2018). Improved mechanical properties and energy absorption of BCC lattice structures with triply periodic minimal surfaces fabricated by SLM. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122411"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Granada, A.-A. (2024). High-Compression Crash Simulations and Tests of PLA Cubes Fabricated Using Additive Manufacturing FDM with a Scaling Strategy. Computation, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/computation12030040"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-020-0137-1","article-title":"Topology Optimization and Additive Manufacturing of Automotive Component by Coupling Kinetic and Structural Analyses","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104202","article-title":"Response of Gyroid Lattice Structures to Impact Loads","volume":"164","author":"Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-021-00191-5","article-title":"Study on 3D Printing of Gyroid-Based Structures for Superior Structural Behaviour","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimizing Crash Box Design to Meet Injury Criteria: A Protocol for Accurate Simulation and Material Selection","volume":"67","author":"Menacho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Association, European Automobile Manufacturers (2024, October 01). ACEA-Regulatory-Guide-2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.acea.auto\/files\/ACEA-Regulatory-Guide-2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Deng, W., Wu, L., Xin, L., Xie, L., and Zhang, H. (2024). Impact of Vehicle Steering Strategy on the Severity of Pedestrian Head Injury. Biomimetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9100593"}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/12\/12\/248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:38Z","timestamp":1760115338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/12\/12\/248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computation12120248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation12120248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}