{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:50:07Z","timestamp":1775663407935,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen is gaining attention due to its potential to address key challenges in the sectors of energy, transportation and industry, since it is a much cleaner energy source when compared to fossil fuels. The transportation of hydrogen from the point of its production to the point of use can be performed by road, rail, sea, pipeline networks or a combination of the abovementioned. Being in the preliminary stage of hydrogen use, the utilization of the already existing natural gas pipeline networks for hydrogen mixtures transportation has been suggested as an efficient means of expanding hydrogen infrastructure. Yet, exploring this alternative, major challenges such as the pre-existence of cracks in the pipelines and the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on the material of the pipelines exist. In this paper, the macroscopic numerical modeling of pipeline segments with the use of the finite element method is performed. In more details, the structural integrity of intact and damaged pipeline segments, of different geometry and mechanical properties, was estimated. The effect of the pipeline geometry and material has been investigated in terms of stress contours with and without the influence of hydrogen. The results suggest that the structural integrity of the pipeline segments is more compromised by pre-existing longitudinal cracks, which might lead to an increase in the maximum value of equivalent Von Mises stress by up to four times, depending on their length-to-thickness ratio. This effect becomes more pronounced with the existence of hydrogen in the pipeline network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:26:31Z","timestamp":1737689191000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical Estimation of the Structural Integrity in an Existing Pipeline Network for the Transportation of Hydrogen Mixture in the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4665-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clio","family":"Vossou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vehicles Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Koulocheris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vehicles Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2006.10.018","article-title":"The use of the natural-gas pipeline infrastructure for hydrogen transport in a changing market structure","volume":"32","author":"Haeseldonckx","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.07.171","article-title":"Hazards, safety and knowledge gaps on hydrogen transmission via natural gas grid: A critical review","volume":"41","author":"Messaoudani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.04.266","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement in hydrogen-blended natural gas transportation systems: A review","volume":"48","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1978-5","article-title":"Understanding and mitigating hydrogen embrittlement of steels: A review of experimental, modelling and design progress from atomistic to continuum","volume":"53","author":"Barrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.5006\/1958","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement of industrial components: Prediction, prevention, and models","volume":"72","author":"Djukic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.11.070","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement of low carbon structural steel at macro-, micro-and nano-levels","volume":"45","author":"Wasim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.04.262","article-title":"The synergistic effects of hydrogen embrittlement and transient gas flow conditions on integrity assessment of a precracked steel pipeline","volume":"45","author":"Bouledroua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2011.06.140","article-title":"Hydrogen effect on fracture toughness of pipeline steel welds, with in situ hydrogen charging","volume":"36","author":"Chatzidouros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.01.186","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen on fracture toughness properties of a pipeline steel under simulated sour service conditions","volume":"43","author":"Chatzidouros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1179\/174328406X86191","article-title":"Fracture criterion for hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasco, M.C., Tserpes, K., and Pantelakis, S.G. (2018). Numerical simulation of tensile behavior of corroded Aluminum alloy 2024 T3 considering the hydrogen embrittlement. Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8010056"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106203","article-title":"Finite element analysis of the failure of high-strength steel pipelines containing group corrosion defects","volume":"136","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.08.149","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement effect on the structural integrity of API 5L X52 steel pipeline","volume":"43","author":"Boukortt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2021.104602","article-title":"Development of an empirical model to predict the burst pressure of corroded elbows of pipelines by finite element modelling","volume":"195","author":"Shuai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"102","article-title":"Stress and Strain Analysis of Connection of Pipes with Flat Ends","volume":"6","author":"Konjatic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.10.525","article-title":"Numerical and experimental analysis of loctite adhesive composite wrapping on EN 10028 steel pipe","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.03.129","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigations of external reinforced damaged pipelines","volume":"2","author":"Nagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2017). Metallic Industrial Piping (Standard No. EN 13480)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024). Gas Infrastructure\u2014Pipelines for Maximum Operating Pressure over 16 Bar-Functional Requirements (Standard No. EN 1594)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ansys Inc. (2024). Ansys Element\u2014Release 2024R1, Ansys Inc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"59","article-title":"An overview of fracture mechanics with ANSYS","volume":"10","author":"Nor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.09.201","article-title":"Hydrogen embrittlement in different materials: A review","volume":"43","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobola, D., and Dallaev, R. (2024). Exploring Hydrogen Embrittlement: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Advances in Metal Science. Energies, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/en17122972"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.02.216","article-title":"Assessment of resistance to fatigue crack growth of natural gas line pipe steels carrying gas mixed with hydrogen","volume":"44","author":"Dadfarnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2024.108898","article-title":"Very high-cycle fatigue behavior of steel in hydrogen environment: State of the art review and challenges","volume":"166","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/2\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:35:10Z","timestamp":1759919710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/2\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["computation13020026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation13020026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}