{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1763156410697,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19178097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19178097"]}]},{"name":"Improvement the technology of electrolytic plasma carburizing based on numerical simulation of the interaction of metal with the vapor-gas shell","award":["AP19178097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19178097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the influence of electrolytic cell parameters on the electrolyte boiling rate during electrolytic plasma processing, a critical stage for plasma formation and subsequent surface modification. Focusing on a coaxial cell configuration with a conical anode and cylindrical cathode, this research employs analytical calculations based on the solution of the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates, validated by numerical simulations using the finite element method (Elcut 6.6), to predict electrolyte boiling times. These results are compared with experimental data, demonstrating good agreement, particularly at higher voltages (\u2212200 V). The analysis reveals that while a simplified model provides a reasonable first approximation, it deviates at lower voltages (\u221250 V) due to the increasing importance of heat removal, neglected in the model construction. This discrepancy underscores the need for more sophisticated models accounting for non-uniform current distribution and heat transfer effects in complex cell geometries. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cathodic electrolytic plasma processing (EPP) dynamics and provide a foundation for optimizing cell design and process parameters for industrial applications such as diffusion saturation of steel components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13020044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T05:04:33Z","timestamp":1738904673000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Impact of Electrolytic Cell Parameters on the Boiling Rate of the Electrolyte During Electrolytic Plasma Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2209-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat","family":"Kurmangaliyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center \u00abStrengthening Technologies and Coatings\u00bb, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeldos","family":"Mukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center \u00abStrengthening Technologies and Coatings\u00bb, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Bauyrzhan","family":"Rakhadilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plasma Science LLP, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070000, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat","family":"Kussainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center \u00abStrengthening Technologies and Coatings\u00bb, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9014-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurlat","family":"Kadyrbolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Center \u00abStrengthening Technologies and Coatings\u00bb, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Khoie, S.M.M., Falaki, M., and Ghorbanian, B. (2023). Investigation of Alumina Formed by Plasma Electrolytic Saturation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.240","article-title":"Plasma Electrolytic Polishing\u2014An Overview of Applied Technologies and Current Challenges to Extend the Polishable Material Range","volume":"42","author":"Nestler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(01)01521-3","article-title":"Electrolytic Plasma Processing for Cleaning and Metal-Coating of Steel Surfaces","volume":"150","author":"Meletis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2020.100016","article-title":"Mechanism and Technological Opportunity of Plasma Electrolytic Polishing of Metals and Alloys Surfaces","volume":"1","author":"Belkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12005","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/479\/1\/012005","article-title":"Research of Plasma-Electrolytic Processes in Various Ratio of the Area Anode to the Cathode","volume":"479","author":"Kashapov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068375521010038","article-title":"Plasma electrolytic carburising of metals and alloys","volume":"57","author":"Belkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012061","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1393\/1\/012061","article-title":"Formation of powerful plasma flow from substance of liquid electrolyte cathode","volume":"1393","author":"Tazmeev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2020.107818","article-title":"Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Intensification by Electro-Stimulation","volume":"149","author":"Fazel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118808","article-title":"Biofilm Removal Efficacy Using Direct Electric Current in Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Processes for Water Treatment","volume":"620","author":"Kerdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, L. (2018, January 23\u201325). A Study on the Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Electrochemical Oxidation. Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3208955.3226141"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32099","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/170\/3\/032099","article-title":"Analysis of Oilfield Wastewater Treatment Effect Based on Low Temperature Plasma Treatment Process","volume":"170","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012025","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1396\/1\/012025","article-title":"Some features of anodic plasma electrolytic processes in aqueous solution","volume":"1396","author":"Kusmanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12085","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/927\/1\/012085","article-title":"Investigations of the growth of the vapor-air shell of a gas discharge with a liquid electrolytic cathode of sodium hydroxide solution","volume":"927","author":"Kashapov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"232","article-title":"Electrolytic plasma processing of materials","volume":"15","author":"Kulikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Belarusian Sci. Minsk."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Plasma-electrolytic modification of the surface of metals and alloys","volume":"2","author":"Suminov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tekhnosfera Mosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2024034","article-title":"The impact of technological parameters of electrolytic-plasma treatment on the changes in the mechano-tribological properties of steel 45","volume":"11","author":"Rakhadilov","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2024016","article-title":"Electrolyte-plasma surface hardening of hollow steel applicator needles for point injection of liquid mineral fertilizers","volume":"11","author":"Rakhadilov","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tikhonov, A.N., and Samarskii, A.A. (2013). Equations of Mathematical Physics, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s1-31.1.264","article-title":"Zeroes of the Spherical Harmonic PTM {ft) Considered as a Function of n","volume":"1","author":"Macdonald","year":"1899","journal-title":"Proc. Lond. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Harned, H.S., and Owen, B.B. (2024, December 24). The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/libarch.nmu.org.ua\/handle\/GenofondUA\/4419."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"General, Chemical (2024, December 24). Soda ash Technical & Handling Guide. General Chemical Industrial Products., Available online: https:\/\/files.engineering.com\/download.aspx?folder=255aa3ad-f047-41a3-94f4-b20fccb2320c&file=sodaashtech-130416232158-phpapp02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"414","article-title":"Application of Electrolyte Based on Sodium Carbonate for Electrolyteplasma Surface Hardening of Steel 45","volume":"3","author":"Rakhadilov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Shakarim Univ. Tech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022174825844","article-title":"Feasibilities of using the ELCUT software for calculations in nondestructive testing","volume":"38","author":"Reutov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Samarsky, A.A., and Gulin, A.V. (2003). Numerical Methods of Mathematical Physics, Nauchny Mir, Moscow."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240112","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2024.240112","article-title":"Vortex-field enhancement through high-threshold geometric metasurface","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opto Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.photonics.2024.101347","article-title":"Tunable ultra-sensitive four-band terahertz sensors based on Dirac semimetals","volume":"63","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photonics Nanostructures-Fundam. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12009","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1328\/1\/012009","article-title":"Simulation of anodic heating in low-temperature plasma between liquid and solid electrodes","volume":"1328","author":"Valiev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Vladimirov, B.V., Krit, B.L., Lyudin, V.B., Morozova, N.V., Rossiiskaya, A.D., Suminov, I.V., and Apelfeld, A.V. (2014). Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, Allerton Press."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/2\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:41Z","timestamp":1760027321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/2\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["computation13020044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation13020044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-3197"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}}}