{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:03:00Z","timestamp":1760058180797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EURIZON H2020 project","award":["871072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of transplantology, where medical decisions are heavily dependent on complex data analysis, the challenge of small data has become increasingly prominent. Transplantology, which focuses on the transplantation of organs and tissues, requires exceptional accuracy and precision in predicting outcomes, assessing risks, and tailoring treatment plans. However, the inherent limitations of small datasets present significant obstacles. This paper introduces an advanced input-doubling classifier designed to improve survival predictions for allogeneic bone marrow transplants. The approach utilizes two artificial intelligence tools: the first Probabilistic Neural Network generates output signals that expand the independent attributes of an augmented dataset, while the second machine learning algorithm performs the final classification. This method, based on the cascading principle, facilitates the development of novel algorithms for preparing and applying the enhanced input-doubling technique to classification tasks. The proposed method was tested on a small dataset within transplantology, focusing on binary classification. Optimal parameters for the method were identified using the Dual Annealing algorithm. Comparative analysis of the improved method against several existing approaches revealed a substantial improvement in accuracy across various performance metrics, underscoring its practical benefits<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13040080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T07:25:00Z","timestamp":1742541900000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cascade-Based Input-Doubling Classifier for Predicting Survival in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplants: Small Data Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Izonin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-6799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Tkachenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Publishing Information Technologies, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazarii","family":"Hovdysh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Berezsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, West Ukrainian National University, Lvivska, 11, 46003 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyrylo","family":"Yemets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Tsmots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2023.101832","article-title":"An Investigation of the Primary Immunosuppressive Therapy\u2019s Influence on Kidney Transplant Survival at One Month after Transplantation","volume":"78","author":"Tolstyak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. 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