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P2022XME5P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The decomposition of a signal is a fundamental tool in many fields of research, including signal processing, geophysics, astrophysics, engineering, medicine, and many more. By breaking down complex signals into simpler oscillatory components, we can enhance the understanding and processing of the data, unveiling hidden information contained in them. Traditional methods, such as Fourier analysis and wavelet transforms, which are effective in handling mono-dimensional stationary signals, struggle with non-stationary datasets and they require the selection of predefined basis functions. In contrast, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and its variants, such as Iterative Filtering (IF), have emerged as effective non-linear approaches, adapting to signals without any need for a priori assumptions. To accelerate these methods, the Fast Iterative Filtering (FIF) algorithm was developed, and further extensions, such as Multivariate FIF (MvFIF) and Multidimensional FIF (FIF2), have been proposed to handle higher-dimensional data. In this work, we introduce the Multidimensional and Multivariate Fast Iterative Filtering (MdMvFIF) technique, an innovative method that extends FIF to handle data that varies simultaneously in space and time, like the ones sampled using sensor arrays. This new algorithm is capable of extracting Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) from complex signals that vary in both space and time, overcoming limitations found in prior methods. The potentiality of the proposed method is demonstrated through applications to artificial and real-life signals, highlighting its versatility and effectiveness in decomposing multidimensional and multivariate non-stationary signals. The MdMvFIF method offers a powerful tool for advanced signal analysis across many scientific and engineering disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13050112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1746698289000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Algorithm for the Decomposition of Non-Stationary Multidimensional and Multivariate Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cavassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Computer Science and Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Aquila, via Vetoio n.1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cicone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Computer Science and Mathematics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Aquila, via Vetoio n.1, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, National Institute of Astrophysics, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enza","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Ernesto Pontieri, Monteluco, Poggio di Roio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"given":"Haomin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 686 Cherry St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-020-01001-1","article-title":"Disentangling ionospheric refraction and diffraction effects in GNSS raw phase through fast iterative filtering technique","volume":"24","author":"Ghobadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.31.1.417","article-title":"A new view of nonlinear water waves: The Hilbert spectrum","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. 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