{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:40:38Z","timestamp":1761187238902,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis of the human foot bone structure under mid-stance loading during race walking. A subject-specific biomodel comprising 26 bones and over 40 ligaments was reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) data using Materialise Mimics Research 21.0 and 3-Matic Research 13.0, and subsequently analyzed in ANSYS Workbench 2024 R1. The model included explicit cortical, trabecular, and ligamentous volumes, each assigned linear-elastic, isotropic material properties based on biomechanical literature data. Boundary conditions simulated the mid-stance phase of race walking, applying a distributed plantar pressure of 0.25 MPa over the metatarsal and phalangeal regions. Numerical simulations yielded maximum total displacements of 0.00018 mm, maximum von Mises stresses of 0.171 MPa, and maximum strains of 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22125, all remaining well within the elastic range of bone tissue. The results confirm the model\u2019s numerical stability, geometric fidelity, and capacity to represent physiologically realistic loading responses. The developed framework demonstrates the potential of high-resolution, image-based finite element modelling for investigating stress\u2013strain patterns of the foot during athletic gait, and establishes a reproducible reference for future analyses involving pathological gait, orthotic optimisation, and musculoskeletal load assessment in sports biomechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13110249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:03:48Z","timestamp":1761185028000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Analysis Applying a Complex Model of the Foot Bone Structure Under Loading Conditions During Race Walking Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0391-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edder Jair","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Granados","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Urriolagoitia-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6345-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Romero-\u00c1ngeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9943-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Gomez-Niebla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8469-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Rodolfo","family":"Guereca-Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5934-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de la Luz","family":"Suarez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5352-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonatan Yael","family":"Rojas-Castrejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. Piso, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero,  Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07300, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9771-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Nazario","family":"Rocha-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Zacatenco, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Edificio 5, 2do. 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