{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:20:32Z","timestamp":1762183232190,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The flow and heat transfer inside the mold play an important role in the quality of the casting billet during continuous casting. In this work, a three-dimensional coupled model of flow and heat transfer was established, and the flow field and temperature distribution characteristics of molten steel were explored in depth. The results indicated that the narrow impact position is 315 mm away from the meniscus. The maximum turbulence kinetic energy of the centerline reached 0.00284 m2\u2219s\u22122, 108 mm from the narrow surface. The temperature of the steel liquid on the path of the two splitting strands located in the upper and lower circulation zones was above 1781 K. The temperature range from the center of the billet to the narrow 1\/4 section, which was enclosed by the upper annular flow zone and 400 mm below the liquid level, was relatively low and lower than the liquidus temperature. The model can provide guidance for improving and optimizing the quality of continuous casting billets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13110257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1762178122000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation on the Flow and Heat Transfer Behavior of Molten Steel During Continuous Casting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guohui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Department, Jiujiang Polytechnic University of Science and Technology, Jiujiang 332020, China"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Department, Jiujiang Polytechnic University of Science and Technology, Jiujiang 332020, China"},{"name":"Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Engineering, Jinzhou 121013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/00084433.2020.1727128","article-title":"Investigation of vortex flow patterns at the meniscus in a water caster mold","volume":"59","author":"Srinivas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, P., and Piao, R.X. (2022). Lattice boltzmann method modeling of the evolution of coherent vortices and periodic flow in a continuous casting mold. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12040572"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-07828-2","article-title":"Effect of scanning process and heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical property of inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting","volume":"32","author":"Zhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100800","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202100800","article-title":"Analysis of hysteresis in the regime transition of cocurrent liquid-gas flow","volume":"93","author":"Saeedipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800287","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.201800287","article-title":"Large eddy simulation on the two-phase flow in a water model of continuous casting strand with gas injection","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glavinic, I., Galindo, V., Stefani, F., and Wondrak, T. (2022). Contactless inductive flow tomography for real-time control of electromagnetic actuators in metal casting. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114155"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.J., Xu, P., Zhou, Y.Z., Duan, H.M., Chen, D.F., and Long, M.J. (2023). The effect of mold structure and cooling parameters on heat transfer during billet high-speed continuous casting. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16093361"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-023-07947-w","article-title":"A simplified model for semi-continuous casting of steel","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/87552930231211208","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the damage to RC buildings caused by the 2023 southeast Turkey earthquake sequence","volume":"40","author":"Pujol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108587","article-title":"Multiphase numerical modeling of boiling flow and heat transfer for liquid jet quenching of a moving metal plate","volume":"194","author":"Narayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300446","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.202300446","article-title":"Multiphase solidification modeling of solidification structure evolution and macrosegregation of round bloom continuous casting process with mold electromagnetic stirring and final electromagnetic stirring","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-024-03177-0","article-title":"Full-process numerical simulation of flow, heat transfer and solidification for hot stamping steel manufactured via thin slab continuous casting process","volume":"55","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMTB"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s42243-023-00975-9","article-title":"Flow field, heat transfer and inclusion behavior in a round bloom mold under effect of a swirling flow submerged entry nozzle","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Tu, L.F., Wang, Q.Q., Zhang, X.B., and He, S.P. (2023). Fluid flow in continuous casting mold for ultra-wide slab. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031135"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"112003","article-title":"Mechanism of inclusions control influenced by electromagnetic swirling flow in nozzle compared to mold electromagnetic stirring","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materialstoday"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-025-03436-8","article-title":"Behavior of shell initial solidification in ultra-large beam blank continuous casting mold","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMTB"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.43.915","article-title":"Effects of electromagnetic brake and meniscus electromagnetic stirrer on transient molten steel flow at meniscus in a continuous casting mold","volume":"6","author":"Takatani","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.46.1833","article-title":"Effects of electromagnetic brake on whirlpool flows in thin slab continuous casting mold","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.47.433","article-title":"Three dimensional turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer mathematical model for the analysis of a continuous slab caster","volume":"3","author":"Shamsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"24","article-title":"Water model experimental study on the behavior of fluid flow in slab caster mold","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Iron Steel"}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/11\/257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:28:38Z","timestamp":1762180118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/13\/11\/257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["computation13110257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation13110257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]}}}