{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:29:39Z","timestamp":1762266579291,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR21882366","AP19175328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR21882366","AP19175328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate geoid determination is essential for height system unification and for converting Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ellipsoidal heights to orthometric heights. This study demonstrates a national-scale workflow that integrates digitized Soviet-era gravimetric maps at 1:200,000 scale with modern satellite and ancillary datasets to compute a high-resolution gravimetric geoid for Kazakhstan. Legacy gravity maps were systematically digitized, harmonized, and quality-controlled, then integrated with a global geopotential model (XGM2019e_2159) for long-wavelength information and a digital elevation model (FABDEM) for terrain corrections. Geoid computation employed the Least-Squares Modification of Stokes\u2019 Formula, with spectral testing used to select optimal parameters; external control and validation relied on an extensive set of GNSS observations and geometric levelling benchmarks from the national network. The resulting geoid surface captures the country\u2019s full topographic range, from the Caspian Depression to the Tien Shan and Altai. After regression-based removal of residual tilts linked to distortions in the Baltic 1977 height system, we achieved a root-mean-square error of 0.066 m. The integrated use of 1:200,000 gravity maps and modern satellite-derived models yields accuracy improvements over widely used global solutions, establishing a consistent vertical reference for Kazakhstan and supporting datum modernization, GNSS-based heighting, infrastructure development, and environmental monitoring. These results show that digitized Soviet-era gravity maps, when fused with modern satellite datasets, can provide robust, high-accuracy geoid solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13110260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1762264929000},"page":"260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combination of Soviet-Era Surface Gravity and Modern Satellite Data for Geoid Model Computation: A Case Study for Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6825-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniya","family":"Shoganbekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7444-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asset","family":"Urazaliyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9735-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serik","family":"Nurakynov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Magzhan","family":"Kozhakhmetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Nailya","family":"Zhaksygul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Sermiagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSE National Centre of Geodesy and Spatial Information, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.05.019","article-title":"Comparison of the KTH and Remove\u2013Compute\u2013Restore Techniques to Geoid Modelling in a Mountainous Area","volume":"48","author":"Abbak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. 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