{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:22:25Z","timestamp":1762924945264,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anthem","award":["PNC0000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC0000003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among existing radiobiological models, the MKM and its extensions (SMK and OSMK) have demonstrated strong predictive capabilities but remain computationally demanding. To address this, we present pyMKM v0.1.0, an open-source Python package for the generation of microdosimetric tables and radiobiological quantities based on these models. The package includes modules for track structure integration, saturation and stochastic corrections, oxygen modulation, and survival fraction computation. Validation was conducted against multiple published datasets across various ion species, LET values, and cell lines under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Quantitative comparisons showed high agreement with reference data, with average log errors typically below 0.06 and symmetric mean absolute percentage errors under 2%. The software achieved full unit test coverage and successful execution across multiple Python versions through continuous integration workflows. These results confirm the numerical accuracy, structural robustness, and reproducibility of pyMKM. The package provides a transparent, modular, and extensible tool for microdosimetric modeling in support of radiobiological studies, Monte Carlo-based dose calculation, and biologically guided treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation13110264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["pyMKM: An Open-Source Python Package for Microdosimetric Kinetic Model Calculation in Research and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Magro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO Foundation), Via E. Borloni 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2010-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittoria","family":"Pavanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO Foundation), Via E. Borloni 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"University School for Advanced Studies (IUSS), Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Marie Curie-Strasse 5, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Grevillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Marie Curie-Strasse 5, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9112-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Glimelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RaySearch Laboratories AB, SE-104 30 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mairani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO Foundation), Via E. Borloni 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karger, C.P., and Peschke, P. (2018). RBE and related modeling in carbon-ion therapy. Phys. Med. Biol., 63.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa9102"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0536.1","article-title":"Microdosimetric measurements and estimation of human cell survival for heavy-ion beams","volume":"166","author":"Kase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/22\/008","article-title":"Treatment planning for a scanned carbon beam with a modified microdosimetric kinetic model","volume":"55","author":"Inaniwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. 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