{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1774908934136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing thermal\u2013fluid devices that reduce peak temperature while limiting pressure loss is challenging because high-fidelity (HF) Navier\u2013Stokes\u2013convection simulations make direct HF-driven topology optimization computationally expensive. This study presents a two-dimensional, steady, laminar multifidelity topology design framework for thermal\u2013fluid devices operating in a low-to-moderate Reynolds number regime. A computationally efficient low-fidelity (LF) Darcy\u2013convection model is used for topology optimization, where SEMDOT decouples geometric smoothness from the analysis field to produce CAD-ready boundaries. The LF optimization minimizes a P-norm aggregated temperature subject to a prescribed volume fraction constraint; the inlet\u2013outlet pressure difference and the P-norm parameter are varied to generate a diverse candidate set. All candidates are then evaluated using a steady incompressible HF Navier\u2013Stokes\u2013convection model in COMSOL 6.3 under a consistent operating condition (fixed flow; pressure drop reported as an output). In representative single- and multi-channel case studies, SEMDOT designs reduce the HF peak temperature (e.g., ~337 K to ~323 K) while also reducing the pressure drop (e.g., ~18.7 Pa to ~12.6 Pa) relative to conventional straight-channel layouts under the same operating point. Compared with a conventional RAMP-based pipeline under the tested settings, the proposed approach yields a more favorable Pareto distribution (normalized hypervolume 1.000 vs. 0.923).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation14010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:57:25Z","timestamp":1768229845000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multifidelity Topology Design for Thermal\u2013Fluid Devices via SEMDOT Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiding","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Fei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0370-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuzhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Osaka, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.10.099","article-title":"Optimization of thermal design of heat sinks: A review","volume":"118","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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