{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:37:47Z","timestamp":1761489467159,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the years, as more complete poxvirus genomes have been sequenced, phylogenetic studies of these viruses have become more prevalent. In general, the results show similar relationships between the poxvirus species; however, some inconsistencies  are notable. Previous analyses of the viral genomes contained within the vaccinia virus (VACV)-Dryvax vaccine revealed that their phylogenetic relationships were sometimes clouded by low bootstrapping confidence. To analyze the VACV-Dryvax genomes in detail, a new tool-set was developed and integrated into the Base-By-Base bioinformatics software package. Analyses showed that fewer unique positions were present in each VACV-Dryvax genome than expected. A series of patterns, each containing several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified that were counter to the results of the phylogenetic analysis. The VACV genomes were found to contain short DNA sequence blocks that matched more distantly related clades. Additionally, similar non-conforming SNP patterns were observed in (1) the variola virus clade; (2) some cowpox clades; and (3) VACV-CVA, the direct ancestor of VACV-MVA. Thus, traces of past recombination events are common in the various orthopoxvirus clades, including those associated with smallpox and cowpox viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation2040182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T10:28:18Z","timestamp":1413282498000},"page":"182-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Incongruencies in Vaccinia Virus Phylogenetic Trees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Chad","family":"Smithson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Kampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hetman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current address: Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.13.7590-7600.2003","article-title":"Poxvirus orthologous clusters: Toward defining the minimum essential poxvirus genome","volume":"77","author":"Upton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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