{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:30:46Z","timestamp":1778884246301,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]],"date-time":"2016-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14-31-00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-31-00024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15-11-00029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-11-00029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we discuss critical issues in modelling the structure and function of lymph nodes (LNs), with emphasis on how LN physiology is related to its multi-scale structural organization. In addition to macroscopic domains such as B-cell follicles and the T cell zone, there are vascular networks which play a key role in the delivery of information to the inner parts of the LN, i.e., the conduit and blood microvascular networks. We propose object-oriented computational algorithms to model the 3D geometry of the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network and the microvasculature. Assuming that a conduit cylinder is densely packed with collagen fibers, the computational flow study predicted that the diffusion should be a dominating process in mass transport than convective flow. The geometry models are used to analyze the lymph flow properties through the conduit network in unperturbed- and damaged states of the LN. The analysis predicts that elimination of up to 60%\u201390% of edges is required to stop the lymph flux. This result suggests a high degree of functional robustness of the network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation5010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1482924134000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Critical Issues in Modelling Lymph Node Physiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7315-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Grebennikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 141701 , Moscow Region, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Novkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen CH-9007, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Onder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen CH-9007, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rostislav","family":"Savinkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Sazonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rufina","family":"Tretyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennady","family":"Bocharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2414","article-title":"Form follows function: Lymphoid tissue microarchitecture in antimicrobial immune defence","volume":"8","author":"Junt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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