{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:49:26Z","timestamp":1768322966806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It can be spread and transmitted through two fundamental modes, one by virus-to-cell infection, and the other by direct cell-to-cell transmission. In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model that incorporates both modes of transmission and takes into account the role of the adaptive immune response in HIV infection. We first show that the proposed model is mathematically and biologically well posed. Moreover, we prove that the dynamical behavior of the model is fully determined by five threshold parameters. Furthermore, numerical simulations are presented to confirm our theoretical results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation6020037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T12:15:03Z","timestamp":1525781703000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Modeling the Adaptive Immunity and Both Modes of Transmission in HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5032-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Hattaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre R\u00e9gional des M\u00e9tiers de l\u2019Education et de la Formation (CRMEF), 20340 Derb Ghalef, Casablanca, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Faculty of Sciences Ben M\u2019sik, Hassan II University, P.O. Box 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Yousfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Faculty of Sciences Ben M\u2019sik, Hassan II University, P.O. Box 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018, May 08). HIV\/AIDS, Fact Sheet, July 2017. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs360\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2018, May 08). Royaume du Maroc, Mise en oeuvre de la d\u00e9claration politique sur le VIH\/sida, Rapport National 2015. 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