{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:54:38Z","timestamp":1774540478592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying human face shape and eye attributes is the first and most vital process before applying for the right hairstyle and eyelashes extension. The aim of this research work includes the development of a decision support program to constitute an aid system that analyses eye and face features automatically based on the image taken from a user. The system suggests a suitable recommendation of eyelashes type and hairstyle based on the automatic reported users\u2019 eye and face features. To achieve the aim, we develop a multi-model system comprising three separate models; each model targeted a different task, including; face shape classification, eye attribute identification and gender detection model. Face shape classification system has been designed based on the development of a hybrid framework of handcrafting and learned feature. Eye attributes have been identified by exploiting the geometrical eye measurements using the detected eye landmarks. Gender identification system has been realised and designed by implementing a deep learning-based approach. The outputs of three developed models are merged to design a decision support system for haircut and eyelash extension recommendation. The obtained detection results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively identifies the face shape and eye attributes. Developing such computer-aided systems is suitable and beneficial for the user and would be beneficial to the beauty industrial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation9050054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T21:18:20Z","timestamp":1619558300000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Integrated Multi-Model Face Shape and Eye Attributes Identification for Hair Style and Eyelashes Recommendation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Theiab","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Al-Nuaimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baidaa","family":"Al-Bander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32010, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shahani-Denning, C. (2013). Physical attractiveness bias in hiring: What is beautiful is good. Hofstra Horiz, 14\u201317. Available online: https:\/\/www.hofstra.edu\/pdf\/orsp_shahani-denning_spring03.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"598520","article-title":"The impact of beauty during job applications","volume":"2016","author":"Kertechian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., and Li, S.Z. (2011). Handbook of Face Recognition, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nixon, M.S. (2012). Feature Extraction & Image Processing for Computer Vision, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Facial image processing","volume":"207","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102669","article-title":"COVID-19 cases prediction by using hybrid machine learning and beetle antennae search approach","volume":"66","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Vandenhende, S., Georgoulis, S., Proesmans, M., Dai, D., and Van Gool, L. (2020). Revisiting Multi-Task Learning in the Deep Learning Era. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2678-4","article-title":"Handling dropout probability estimation in convolution neural networks using meta-heuristics","volume":"22","author":"Papa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bander, B., Alzahrani, T., Alzahrani, S., Williams, B.M., and Zheng, Y. (2019). Improving fetal head contour detection by object localisation with deep learning. Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39343-4_12"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1097-z","article-title":"Facial landmark detection: A literature survey","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koestinger, M., Wohlhart, P., Roth, P.M., and Bischof, H. (2011, January 6\u201313). Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild: A Large-scale, Real-world Database for Facial Landmark Localization. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130513"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Priya, M. (2020, April 01). Artificial Intelligence and the New Age Beauty and Cosmetics Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.prescouter.com\/2019\/06\/artificial-intelligence-and-the-new-age-beauty-and-cosmetics-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Edwards, C. (2020, April 01). AI in the Beauty Industry: The Tech Making the Future Beautiful. Available online: https:\/\/www.verdict.co.uk\/ai-in-the-beauty-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-019-01327-4","article-title":"Load balanced task scheduling for cloud computing: A probabilistic approach","volume":"61","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Guo, Y., Huang, H., Li, Y., and He, R. (2020). A survey of deep facial attribute analysis. Int. J. Comput. Vis., 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01308-z"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., and Tang, X. (2015, January 7\u201313). Deep learning face attributes in the wild. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.425"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudd, E.M., G\u00fcnther, M., and Boult, T.E. (2016). Moon: A mixed objective optimization network for the recognition of facial attributes. European Conference on Computer Vision, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_2"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"4068","article-title":"Attributes for improved attributes: A multi-task network utilizing implicit and explicit relationships for facial attribute classification","volume":"31","author":"Hand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Thirty First Aaai Conf. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J., Li, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2018, January 18\u201323). Partially shared multi-task convolutional neural network with local constraint for face attribute learning. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00451"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalayeh, M.M., Gong, B., and Shah, M. (2017, January 21\u201326). Improving facial attribute prediction using semantic segmentation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.450"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2820048","article-title":"Segment-based methods for facial attribute detection from partial faces","volume":"11","author":"Mahbub","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunhem, W., and Pasupa, K. (2016, January 14\u201316). An approach to face shape classification for hairstyle recommendation. Proceedings of the 2016 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Computational Intelligence (ICACI), Chiang Mai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACI.2016.7449857"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarakon, P., Charoenpong, T., and Charoensiriwath, S. (2014, January 26\u201328). Face shape classification from 3D human data by using SVM. Proceedings of the 7th 2014 Biomedical Engineering International Conference, Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEiCON.2014.7017382"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zafar, A., and Popa, T. (2016). Face and Eye-ware Classification using Geometric Features for a Data-driven Eye-ware Recommendation System. Graphics Interface Conference, ACM Library."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012095","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/420\/1\/012095","article-title":"Probabilistic neural network and invariant moments for men face shape classification","volume":"Volume 420","author":"Rahmat","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.20943\/IJCSI-201602-2431","article-title":"Face Shape Classification Based on Region Similarity, Correlation and Fractal Dimensions","volume":"13","author":"Bansode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues (IJCSI)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.11.011","article-title":"A hybrid approach to building face shape classifier for hairstyle recommender system","volume":"120","author":"Pasupa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Tio, E.D. (2019, June 01). Face Shape Classification Using Inception V3. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/adonistio\/inception-face-shape-classifier."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, W.C., Fang, C., Wang, Z., and McAuley, J. (2017, January 18\u201321). Visually-aware fashion recommendation and design with generative image models. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2017.30"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodkaew, T., Supsohmboon, W., Pasupa, K., and Loo, C.K. (2018, January 24\u201326). Fashion Finder: A System for Locating Online Stores on Instagram from Product Images. Proceedings of the 2018 10th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEED.2018.8534871"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmsi.2016.43009","article-title":"Research on the Personalized Recommendation Algorithm for Hairdressers","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open J. Model. Simul."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2003.10.001","article-title":"A personalized recommender system for the cosmetic business","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01874.x","article-title":"Computer-suggested facial makeup","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Scherbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-013-1355-6","article-title":"Effect of facial makeup style recommendation on visual sensibility","volume":"71","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alashkar, T., Jiang, S., and Fu, Y. (June, January 30). Rule-based facial makeup recommendation system. Proceedings of the 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.47"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhou, L., and Zhang, T. (2019). Intelligent recommendation system for eyeglass design. International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20441-9_42"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The MUCT landmarked face database","volume":"201","author":"Milborrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Assoc. S. Afr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Presleehairstyle (2020, February 01). Wedding Veils: Denver Wedding Hairstylist. Available online: https:\/\/www.presleehairstyle.com\/blog\/2017\/5\/31\/wedding-veils-denver-wedding-hairstylist-braiding-specialist-and-updo-artist."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Aumedo (2020, February 01). Make Up Eyes: Make-Up Tips for Every Eye Shape. Available online: https:\/\/www.aumedo.de\/make-up-tipps-fuer-jede-augenform\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Moreno, A. (2020, May 01). How to Pick the Best Lashes for Your Eye Shape. Available online: https:\/\/www.iconalashes.com\/blogs\/news\/how-to-pick-the-best-lashes-for-your-eye-shape."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Derrick, J. (2019, June 01). Is Your Face Round, Square, Long, Heart or Oval Shaped?. Available online: https:\/\/www.byrdie.com\/is-your-face-round-square-long-heart-or-oval-shaped-345761."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Shunatona, B. (2020, February 01). A Guide to Determining Your Face Shape (If That\u2019s Something You Care about). Available online: https:\/\/www.cosmopolitan.com\/style-beauty\/beauty\/a22064408\/face-shape-guide\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"WikiHow (2020, February 01). How to Determine Eye Shape. Available online: https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/Determine-Eye-Shape#aiinfo."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, T., Al-Nuaimy, W., and Al-Bander, B. (2019, January 26\u201327). Hybrid feature learning and engineering based approach for face shape classification. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Advanced Computing Sciences (ISACS), Taza, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISACS48493.2019.9068910"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Dalal, N., and Triggs, B. (2005, January 20\u201325). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201905), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., and Sullivan, J. (2014, January 23\u201328). One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Szegedy, C., Vanhoucke, V., Ioffe, S., Shlens, J., and Wojna, Z. (July, January 26). Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi, G., and Hassner, T. (2015, January 7\u201312). Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301352"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Creasey, C. (2020, March 01). Eye Shapes and Eyelash Extensions\u2014What Works Best for You?. Available online: https:\/\/www.sydneyeyelashextensions.com\/eye-shapes-and-eyelash-extensions-what-works-best-for-you\/."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Brewer, T. (2020, March 01). The Most Flattering Haircuts for Your Face Shape. Available online: https:\/\/www.thetrendspotter.net\/haircuts-for-face-shape\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mannah, J. (2020, March 01). The Best Men\u2019s Hairstyles for Your Face Shape. Available online: https:\/\/www.thetrendspotter.net\/find-the-perfect-hairstyle-haircut-for-your-face-shape\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.08.062","article-title":"A hybrid deep learning CNN\u2013ELM for age and gender classification","volume":"275","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0733-5","article-title":"The pascal visual object classes challenge: A retrospective","volume":"111","author":"Everingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Araujo Zeni, L.F., and Jung, C.R. (November, January 29). Real-time gender detection in the wild using deep neural networks. Proceedings of the 2018 31st Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images (SIBGRAPI), Parana, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI.2018.00022"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borza, D., Darabant, A.S., and Danescu, R. (2016). Real-time detection and measurement of eye features from color images. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071105"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Aldibaja, M.A.J. (2015). Eye Shape Detection Methods Based on Eye Structure Modeling and Texture Analysis for Interface Systems. [Ph.D. Thesis, Toyohashi University of Technology]."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/9\/5\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:53:18Z","timestamp":1760161998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/9\/5\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["computation9050054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation9050054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-3197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}