{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:54:33Z","timestamp":1778496873994,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009509","name":"Kementerian Riset Teknologi Dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["030\/IT1.B07.1\/SPP-LPPM\/II\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["030\/IT1.B07.1\/SPP-LPPM\/II\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we investigate wave attenuation caused by mangroves as a porous media. A 1-D mathematical model is derived by modifying the shallow water equations (SWEs). Two approaches are used to involve the existing of mangrove: friction term and diffusion term. The model will be solved analytically using the separation of variables method and numerically using a staggered finite volume method. From both methods, wave transmission coefficient will be obtained and used to observe the damping effect induced by the porous media. Several comparisons are shown to examine the accuracy and robustness of the derived numerical scheme. The results show that the friction coefficient, diffusion coefficient and vegetation\u2019s length have a significant effect on the transmission coefficient. Moreover, numerical observation is extended to a 2-D SWEs, where we conduct a numerical simulation over a real bathymetry profile. The results from the 2-D numerical scheme will be validated using the data obtained from the field measurement which took place in Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. The results from this research will be beneficial to determine the characteristics of porous structures used for coastal protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation9060066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1623072343000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["1D\u20132D Numerical Model for Wave Attenuation by Mangroves as a Porous Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7036-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikha","family":"Magdalena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Center for Marine and Coastal Development, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Vivianne","family":"Kusnowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moh. Ivan","family":"Azis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}]},{"family":"Widowati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EF000239","article-title":"Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites","volume":"2","author":"Kopp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000663","article-title":"Evolving Understanding of Antarctic Ice-Sheet Physics and Ambiguity in Probabilistic Sea-Level Projections","volume":"5","author":"Kopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-2495-2017","article-title":"Synthesizing long-term sea level rise projections the MAGICC sea level model v2.0","volume":"10","author":"Nauels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. 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