{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:22:34Z","timestamp":1760235754797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a myriad of career opportunities stemming from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In addition to careers in corporate settings, teaching is a viable career option for individuals pursuing degrees in STEM disciplines. With national shortages of secondary STEM teachers, efforts to recruit, train, and retain quality STEM teachers is greatly important. Prior to exploring ways to attract potential STEM teacher candidates to pursue teacher training programs, it is important to understand the perceived value that potential recruits place on STEM careers, disciplines, and the teaching profession. The purpose of this study was to explore students\u2019 perceptions of the usefulness of STEM disciplines and their value in supporting students\u2019 careers. A novel statistical method was utilized, combining exploratory-factor analysis, the analysis of variance, generalized estimating equation evaluations under the framework of a generalized linear model, and quantile regression. Using the outputs from each statistical measure, students\u2019 valuation of each STEM discipline and their interest in pursuing teaching as a career option were assessed. Our results indicate a high correlation of liking and perceived usability of the STE disciplines relative to careers. Conversely, our results also display a low correlation of the liking and perceived usability of mathematics relative to future careers. The significance of these diametrically related results suggests the need for promotion of the interrelatedness of mathematics and STE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation9100105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T12:29:14Z","timestamp":1632832154000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Statistical Analysis in the Context of a Comprehensive Needs Assessment for Secondary STEM Recruitment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8403-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norou","family":"Diawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}]},{"given":"Melva","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching & Learning Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}]},{"given":"Kumer","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Vice President for Research, Innovation, and Economic Development, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2419.00063","article-title":"Major workforce and workplace trends influencing the training and development field in the USA","volume":"3","author":"Rothwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Train. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Carnevale, A.P., and Desrochers, D.M. (2003). Standards for What? The Economic Roots of K-16 Reform, Educational Testing Service. Available online: https:\/\/fordhaminstitute.org\/national\/commentary\/standards-what-economic-roots-k-16-reform."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Carnevale, A.P., Smith, N., and Melton, M. (2011). STEM: Science Technology Engineering Mathematics, Georgetown University Center on Education and the Work-Force. Available online: https:\/\/cew.georgetown.edu\/cew-reports\/stem\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Hanushek, E.A., Peterson, P.E., and Woessmann, L. (2020, October 10). Achievement Growth: International and U.S. State Trends in Student Performance, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED534652."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, October 10). NCES National Center for Education Statistics, Indicator 26: STEM Degrees, Available online: https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/raceindicators\/indicator_reg.asp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelic, A., and Zagonel, A. (2009). Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Career Attractiveness (Report No. SAND2008-8049), Sandia National Laborato-Ries. Available online: http:\/\/www.systemdynamics.org\/conferences\/2009\/proceed\/papers\/P1390.pdf.","DOI":"10.2172\/1177094"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20441","article-title":"Pipeline persistence: Examining the association of educational experiences","volume":"95","author":"Maltese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C. (2017). Developing a Career Development Assessment for Predicting Young Stem Graduates\u2019 Employability and Career Barriers. [Ph.D. Dissertation, STEM Education & Professional Studies, Old Dominion University]. Available online: https:\/\/digitalcommons.odu.edu\/stemps_etds\/21."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Chen, X., and Soldner, M. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students\u2019 Paths into and out of STEM Fields, Statistical Analysis Report; Report NCES 2014\u2013001."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2009). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary Education, Stats in Brief. NCES 2009-161."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Boundaoui, A. (2020, October 10). Would-Be Engineers End up as English Majors. Available online: http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/US\/05\/17\/education.stem.graduation\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why Do They Stay? Elementary Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Job Sat-isfaction and Retention","volume":"32","author":"Perrachione","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prof. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Marshman, M. (2015). Mathematics Education in the Margins, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasi, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA). Available online: https:\/\/acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au\/item\/884y2\/mathematics-education-in-the-margins-proceedings-of-the-38th-annual-conference-of-the-mathematics-education-research-group-of-australasia."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-018-0133-4","article-title":"Students\u2019 per-ceptions of STEM learning after participating in a summer informal learning experience","volume":"5","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2015.1136281","article-title":"Developing career management competencies among undergraduates and the role of work-integrated learning","volume":"21","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Teach. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-015-9308-1","article-title":"Study choice and career development in STEM fields: An overview and in-tegration of the research","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Des. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Carnevale, A.P., Smith, N., and Strohl, J. (2020, October 10). Recovery: Job Growth and Education Requirements through 2020, Available online: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED584413."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1942775116640254","article-title":"Investigating How to Support Principals as In-structional Leaders in Mathematics","volume":"12","author":"Boston","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Leadersh. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"108","article-title":"Confronting Challenges at the Intersection of Rurality, Place, and Teacher Preparation: Improving Efforts in Teacher Education to Staff Rural Schools","volume":"3","author":"Azano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Das, K., Daniel, B., Andrei, S., and Osborne, L. (2016, January 26\u201329). ASCENT-A Program Designed to Support STEM Students through Undergraduate Research and Mentoring. Proceedings of the 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-0045.2014.00075.x","article-title":"College major choice in stem: Revisiting confidence and demographic factors","volume":"62","author":"Moakler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Career Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pasley, J.D., and Heck, D.J. (2018). Identifying, Preparing, and Supporting STEM Master Teachers. (2014), Horizon Research."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-013-9389-3","article-title":"The Development of the STEM Career Interest Survey (STEM-CIS)","volume":"44","author":"Kier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-017-9802-x","article-title":"Advancing Elementary and Middle School STEM Education","volume":"15","author":"English","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Math. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/0266476042000214501","article-title":"Beta Regression for Modelling Rates and Proportions","volume":"317","author":"Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/1913643","article-title":"Regression Quantiles","volume":"46","author":"Koenker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/1912528","article-title":"Robust Tests for Heteroscedasticity based on Regression Quantiles","volume":"50","author":"Koenker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bruin, J. (2020, October 18). Newtest: Command to Compute New Test. UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group. Available online: http:\/\/stats.idre.ucla.edu\/stata\/ado\/analysis\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1201_3","article-title":"A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices","volume":"12","author":"Cerny","year":"1977","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Xuexia, D. (2011, January 1\u201313). Application of data mining algorithms in the analysis of financial distress early warning model of listed company. Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD), Shanghai, China."}],"container-title":["Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/9\/10\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:06:15Z","timestamp":1760166375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-3197\/9\/10\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["computation9100105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computation9100105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-3197"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-3197"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]}}}