{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:07:54Z","timestamp":1774631274441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the multi-objective operation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in AC distribution systems using a convex reformulation. The objective functions are CO2 emissions, and the costs of the daily energy losses are considered. The conventional non-linear nonconvex branch multi-period optimal power flow model is reformulated with a second-order cone programming (SOCP) model, which ensures finding the global optimum for each point present in the Pareto front. The weighting factors methodology is used to convert the multi-objective model into a convex single-objective model, which allows for finding the optimal Pareto front using an iterative search. Two operational scenarios regarding BESS are considered: (i) a unity power factor operation and (ii) a variable power factor operation. The numerical results demonstrate that including the reactive power capabilities in BESS reduces 200 kg of CO2 emissions and USD 80 per day of operation. All of the numerical validations were developed in MATLAB 2020b with the CVX tool and the SEDUMI and SDPT3 solvers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation9120137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:28:11Z","timestamp":1639358891000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Optimal Economic\u2013Environmental Operation of BESS in AC Distribution Systems: A Convex Multi-Objective Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Gil-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Pascual Bravo, Campus Robledo, Medell\u00edn 050036, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Danilo","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"},{"name":"Laboratorio Inteligente de Energ\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Grisales-Nore\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical and Mechatronic, Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Robledo Campus, Medell\u00edn 050036, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Escobar-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocer, M.C., Cengiz, C., Gezer, M., Gunes, D., Cinar, M.A., Alboyaci, B., and Onen, A. 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