{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T07:11:44Z","timestamp":1766301104178,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011821","name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flying Adhoc Network (FANET) is a particular type of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) that consists of flying drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). MANETs are especially useful in rural and remote areas, where the lack of public networks necessitates data delivery through mobile nodes. Additionally, FANETs provide better coverage where there is a lack of roads. Generally, the goal of FANETs is to provide multimedia data to applications such as search and rescue operations, forest fire detection, surveillance and patrol, environmental monitoring, and traffic and urban monitoring. The above applications\u2019 performance and efficiency depend on the quality and timely delivery of these essential data from an area of interest to control centers. This paper presents a Priority-based Routing Framework for Flying Adhoc Networks (PRoFFAN) for the expedited delivery of essential multimedia data to control centers. PRoFFAN reduces the FANET application\u2019s response time by prioritizing the sending and forwarding of critical image data from the UAV to the control center. Our motivation application is crowd management; we believe that having important image features as early as possible will save lives and enhance the crowd\u2019s safety and flow. We integrated PRoFFAN over the RPL routing layer of Contiki-NG\u2019s IPv6 network stack. We used simulations in Cooja to demonstrate the benefit of PRoFFAN over conventional ZigBee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T06:05:43Z","timestamp":1617689143000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Improving Response Time for Crowd Management in Hajj"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Felemban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Adil A.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Naseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Managing crowds with technology: Cases of Hajj and Kumbh Mela","volume":"11","author":"Yamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satapathy, S.C., Tavares, J.M.R., Bhateja, V., and Mohanty, J.R. (2018). Flying Ad hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. Information and Decision Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7563-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hor\u00e9, A., and Ziou, D. (2010, January 23\u201326). Image Quality Metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM. Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.579"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-013-9959-7","article-title":"Networking Models in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): Concepts and Challenges","volume":"74","author":"Sahingoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flammini, F., Pragliola, C., and Smarra, G. (2016, January 2\u20134). Railway infrastructure monitoring by drones. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ESARS-ITEC.2016.7841398"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sinha, J.P., Kushwaha, H., Kushwaha, D., Singh, N., and Purushottam, M. (2016, January 27\u201330). Prospect of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technology for Agricultural Production Management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agricultural and Food Engineering 27\u201430th Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakamoukas, G.A., Sarigiannidis, P.G., and Economides, A.A. (2020). FANETs in Agriculture\u2014A routing protocol survey. Internet Things, 100183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100183"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2018.8358668","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey in Towards to Future FANETs","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz, J.H. (2020). Wireless Communications Challenges to Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET). Mobile Computing, IntechOpen. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8810761"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Me Biomo, J.M., Kunz, T., and St-Hilaire, M. (2017, January 17\u201319). Directional antennas in FANETs: A performance analysis of routing protocols. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile and Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), Avignon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/MoWNet.2017.8045949"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, F., Khan, M.A., Al-Zahrani, A., Ullah, I., and Al-Dhlan, K.A. (2020). A Review on Communications Perspective of Flying Ad-Hoc Networks: Key Enabling Wireless Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Open Research Topics. Drones, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4040065"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rametta, C., and Schembra, G. (2017). Designing a Softwarized Network Deployed on a Fleet of Drones for Rural Zone Monitoring. Future Internet, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9010008"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7648","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2988249","article-title":"Drone-Enabled Internet-of-Things Relay for Environmental Monitoring in Remote Areas Without Public Networks","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Patil, D., and Omkar, S.N. (2018, January 18\u201322). Eye in the Sky: Real-Time Drone Surveillance System (DSS) for Violent Individuals Identification Using ScatterNet Hybrid Deep Learning Network. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00214"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.372","article-title":"DDDAMS-based Crowd Control via UAVs and UGVs","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2018.1539553","article-title":"Estimation of crowd density from UAVs images based on corner detection procedures and clustering analysis","volume":"22","author":"Almagbile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geo Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Sheary, A., and Almagbile, A. (2017). Crowd Monitoring System Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). J. Civ. Eng. Archit., 11.","DOI":"10.17265\/1934-7359\/2017.11.004"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600587CM","article-title":"UAV-Based IoT Platform: A Crowd Surveillance Use Case","volume":"55","author":"Motlagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., Hussen, H.R., Park, J., and Kim, J. (2018, January 3\u20136). Geolocation-Based Routing Protocol for Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). Proceedings of the 2018 Tenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), Prague, Czech.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2018.8436724"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chriki, A., Touati, H., Snoussi, H., and Kamoun, F. (2019, January 24\u201328). UAV-GCS Centralized Data-Oriented Communication Architecture for Crowd Surveillance Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Wireless Communications Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2019.8766641"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi, H., Funahashi, K., and Muramatsu, S. (2009, January 6\u20138). Simple bit-plane coding for lossless image compression and extended functionalities. Proceedings of the 2009 Picture Coding Symposium, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCS.2009.5167351"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/4\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1760364681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/4\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["computers10040046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers10040046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]}}}