{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:11Z","timestamp":1760235671621,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE (project code: T1EDK-03487).","award":["T1EDK-03487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK-03487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents \u201cDESMOS\u201d, a novel ecosystem for the interconnection of smart infrastructures, mobile and wearable devices, and applications, to provide a secure environment for visitors and tourists. The presented solution brings together state-of-the-art IoT technologies, crowdsourcing, localization through BLE, and semantic reasoning, following a privacy and security-by-design approach to ensure data anonymization and protection. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the solution was tested, validated, and evaluated via two pilots in almost real settings\u2014involving a fewer density of people than planned\u2014in Trikala, Thessaly, Greece. The results and findings support that the presented solutions can provide successful emergency reporting, crowdsourcing, and localization via BLE. However, these results also prompt for improvements in the user interface expressiveness, the application\u2019s effectiveness and accuracy, as well as evaluation in real, overcrowded conditions. The main contribution of this paper is to report on the progress made and to showcase how all these technological solutions can be integrated and applied in realistic and practical scenarios, for the safety and privacy of visitors and tourists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10090116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smart Interconnected Infrastructures for Security and Protection: The DESMOS Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6412-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Feidakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Networks & Services Research Laboratory, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, University of West Attica (UniWA), ZB 214, Thivon 250 & Petrou Ralli Street, 12241 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Chatzigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Networks & Services Research Laboratory, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, University of West Attica (UniWA), ZB 214, Thivon 250 & Petrou Ralli Street, 12241 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Karamperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E-TRIKALA S.A., Kalampakas & Ampatis 28 Str., 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lazaros","family":"Giannakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E-TRIKALA S.A., Kalampakas & Ampatis 28 Str., 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios-Rafail","family":"Xefteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimos","family":"Ntioudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Tsanousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Kogias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iTrack Services Ltd., Kifissou 59, Ag. I. Rentis, 18233 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos","family":"Patrikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Networks & Services Research Laboratory, Ancient Olive Grove Campus, University of West Attica (UniWA), ZB 214, Thivon 250 & Petrou Ralli Street, 12241 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Meditskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Gorgogetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E-TRIKALA S.A., Kalampakas & Ampatis 28 Str., 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Vrochidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6447-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kompatsiaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th Km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8239047","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8239047","article-title":"Applying Big Data Analytics to Monitor Tourist Flow for the Scenic Area Operation Management","volume":"2019","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganzha, M., Paprzycki, M., Pawlowski, W., Szmeja, P., and Wasielewska, K. (2017, January 19\u201321). Streaming semantic translations. Proceedings of the 2017 21st International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC), Sinaia, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTCC.2017.8107003"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-00230-0","article-title":"A crowdsourcing method for online social networks security assessment based on human-centric computing","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00197","article-title":"Context Aware Computing for the Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"16","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasnesis, P., Toumanidis, L., Kogias, D., Patrikakis, C.Z., and Venieris, I.S. (2016, January 12\u201314). ASSIST: An agent-based SIoT simulator. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Reston, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845409"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"IDC (2021, June 16). IDC_ The Premier Global Market Intelligence Firm. [WWW Document]. Consumer Enthusiasm for Wearable Devices Drives the Market to 28.4% Growth in 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.idc.com\/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS47534521."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"iTrack (2021, September 07). EveryGate\u2014Enabling a Connected Planet [WWW Document]. iTrack Services Ltd. Available online: https:\/\/www.m2massociates.com\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Andritsopoulos, F. (2019). Method and System to Deliver Telematics Solutions. (Publication No. 20190122457), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8164","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2980966","article-title":"A Novel Trilateration Algorithm for RSSI-Based Indoor Localization","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-019-00094-x","article-title":"Human movement effects on the performance of the RSSI-based trilateration method: Adaptive filters for distance compensation","volume":"6","author":"Sasiwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reliab. Intell. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n Paterna, V., Calveras Aug\u00e9, A., Paradells Aspas, J., and P\u00e9rez Bullones, M. (2017). A Bluetooth Low Energy Indoor Positioning System with Channel Diversity, Weighted Trilateration and Kalman Filtering. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122927"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ismail, M.I.M., Dzyauddin, R.A., Samsul, S., Azmi, N.A., Yamada, Y., Yakub, M.F.M., and Salleh, N.A.B.A. (2019). An RSSI-based Wireless Sensor Node Localisation using Trilateration and Multilateration Methods for Outdoor Environment. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.N., Hanuranto, M.T.I.A.T., and Mayasari, S.T.M.T.R. (2017, January 26\u201328). Trilateration and iterative multilateration algorithm for localization schemes on Wireless Sensor Network. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Control, Electronics, Renewable Energy and Communications (ICCREC), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEREC.2017.8226710"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2014.052914.00090","article-title":"Privacy-aware smart metering: A survey","volume":"16","author":"Finster","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600263","article-title":"Vehicular social networks: Enabling smart mobility","volume":"55","author":"Ning","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, T., Huang, H., Li, P., Zhang, K., and Jiang, H. (2015). A medical healthcare system for privacy protection based on IoT. Proceedings of the 2015 Seventh International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming (PAAP), Nanjing, China, 12\u201314 December 2015, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAAP.2015.48"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Katsadouros, E., Chatzigeorgiou, C., Feidakis, M., Kogias, D., and Patrikakis, C.Z. (2020). Private Incident Reporting Using Onion Networks. IOT4SAFE@ ESWC, CEUR Workshop Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15501477211026804","DOI":"10.1177\/15501477211026804","article-title":"An efficient anonymous authentication and key agreement scheme with privacy-preserving for smart cities","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, J., Pramanick, P., and Roy, S. (2017). NoiseSense: Crowdsourced context aware sensing for real time noise pollution monitoring of the city. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), Bhubaneswar, India, 17\u201320 December 2017, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2017.8384103"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4020034","article-title":"Vehicular Crowdsourcing for Congestion Support in Smart Cities","volume":"4","author":"Olariu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1204375","article-title":"Iterative and incremental developments a brief history","volume":"36","author":"Larman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"103","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a Short Version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S)","volume":"4","author":"Schrepp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Multimed. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzimichail, A., Chatzigeorgiou, C., Andritsopoulos, F., Karaberi, C., Meditskos, G., Kasnesis, P., Kogias, D.G., Gorgogetas, G., Tsanousa, A., and Vrochidis, S. (2019, January 29\u201331). Smart Interconnected Infrastructure for Security and Safety in Public Places. Proceedings of the 2019 15th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), Santorini, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2019.00069"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Auer, M.E., and Tsiatsos, T. (2019). RSSI Fingerprinting Techniques for Indoor Localization Datasets. Internet of Things, Infrastructures and Mobile Applications, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Welch, G., and Bishop, G. (1995). An Introduction to the Kalman Filter. ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.22201\/fca.24488410e.2020.2368","article-title":"Methodology for ontology design and construction","volume":"64","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contadur\u00eda Y Adm."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ntioudis, D., Chatzimichail, A., Meditskos, G., Vrochidis, S., and Kompatsiaris, I. (2020). Ontology-based Reasoning for Critical Incidents in Public Events. IOT4SAFE@ ESWC, CEUR Workshop Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eason, K.D. (1989). Information Technology and Organisational Change, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482275469"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Cavoukian, A. (2009). Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles, Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288892","article-title":"A basis for analyzing test-retest reliability","volume":"10","author":"Guttman","year":"1945","journal-title":"Psychometrika"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/9\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1760166049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/9\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["computers10090116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers10090116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]}}}