{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:24:32Z","timestamp":1775067872037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/88080\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/88080\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EEICOM\/29466\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEICOM\/29466\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are seen as a safe and cost-effective platforms for performing a myriad of underwater missions. These vehicles are equipped with multiple sensors which, combined with their long endurance, can produce large amounts of data, especially when used for video capturing. These data need to be transferred to the surface to be processed and analyzed. When considering deep sea operations, where surfacing before the end of the mission may be unpractical, the communication is limited to low bitrate acoustic communications, which make unfeasible the timely transmission of large amounts of data unfeasible. The usage of AUVs as data mules is an alternative communications solution. Data mules can be used to establish a broadband data link by combining short-range, high bitrate communications (e.g., RF and wireless optical) with a Delay Tolerant Network approach. This paper presents an enhanced version of UDMSim, a novel simulation platform for data muling communications. UDMSim is built upon a new realistic AUV Motion and Localization (AML) simulator and Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). It can simulate the position of the data mules, including localization errors, realistic position control adjustments, the received signal, the realistic throughput adjustments, and connection losses due to the fast SNR change observed underwater. The enhanced version includes a more realistic AML simulator and the antenna radiation patterns to help evaluating the design and relative placement of underwater antennas. The results obtained using UDMSim show a good match with the experimental results achieved using an underwater testbed. UDMSim is made available to the community to support easy and faster evaluation of underwater data muling oriented communications solutions and to enable offline replication of real world experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10100119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T09:14:57Z","timestamp":1632302097000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Simulation Platform for Underwater Data Muling Communications Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8893-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe B.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3112-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murillo","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6365-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno A.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ricardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favali, P., Beranzoli, L., and De Santis, A. (2015). SEAFLOOR OBSERVATORIES: A New Vision of the Earth from the Abyss, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11374-1"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sarradin, P.M., Legrand, J., Moreau, B., Lanteri, N., and Cannat, M. (2018). Technical parameters, data from the COSTOF2 of the EGIM, EMSO-Azores observatory, 2017\u20132018. AGRIS, Available online: https:\/\/www.seanoe.org\/data\/00455\/56627\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, R., Tandon, A., DAsaro, E., and Atmanand, M.A. (2018). Observing the Oceans in Real Time, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66493-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2014.03.012","article-title":"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): Their past, present and future contributions to the advancement of marine geoscience","volume":"352","author":"Wynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2434890","article-title":"Underwater Acoustic Modems","volume":"16","author":"Sendra","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, July 02). GROW Project. Available online: https:\/\/grow.inesctec.pt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, J. (2015). 5-Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) for underwater communications. Advances in Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs), Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857098467.1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.041911.00093","article-title":"Disruption-Tolerant Networking: A Comprehensive Survey on Recent Developments and Persisting Challenges","volume":"14","author":"Khabbaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F.B., Moreira, N., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2019, January 21\u201323). Data Muling Approach for Long-Range Broadband Underwater Communications. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2019.8923472"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Moreira, N. (2019). Data Muling for Broadband and Long Range Wireless Underwater Communications. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/121806."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2013.0118","article-title":"Survey on underwater delay\/disruption tolerant wireless sensor network routing","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahim, M.S., Casari, P., Guerra, F., and Zorzi, M. (2011, January 6\u20139). On the performance of delay\u2014Tolerant routing protocols in underwater networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2011 IEEE\u2014Spain, Santander, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/Oceans-Spain.2011.6003388"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Colombi, G., Wang, B., Cui, J.H., Maggiorini, D., and Rossi, G.P. (2008, January 23\u201325). Adaptive Routing in Underwater Delay\/Disruption Tolerant Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2008 Fifth Annual Conference on Wireless on Demand Network Systems and Services, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WONS.2008.4459352"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, J., Fourie, D., Kinsey, J.C., Pontbriand, C., Ware, J., Farr, N., Kaiser, C.L., and Tivey, M. (2015, January 19\u201322). Autonomous acoustic-aided optical localization for data transfer. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2015\u2014MTS\/IEEE Washington, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2015.7401982"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Dunbabin, M., Corke, P., Vasilescu, I., and Rus, D. (2006, January 15\u201319). Data muling over underwater wireless sensor networks using an autonomous underwater vehicle. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, (ICRA 2006), Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96879","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928876","article-title":"Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Localization Protocols, and Internet of Underwater Things","volume":"7","author":"Jouhari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5673085","article-title":"Re-evaluation of RF electromagnetic communication in underwater sensor networks","volume":"48","author":"Che","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lurton, X. (2010). An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13835-5"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Freitas, P. (2014). Evaluation of Wi-Fi Underwater Networks in Freshwater. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio-aberto.up.pt\/handle\/10216\/75691."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, N., Bowen, A., Ware, J., Pontbriand, C., and Tivey, M. (2010, January 24\u201327). An integrated, underwater optical \/acoustic communications system. Proceedings of the OCEANS\u201910 IEEE SYDNEY, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSSYD.2010.5603510"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.101935","article-title":"Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey","volume":"94","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2552538","article-title":"Underwater Optical Wireless Communication","volume":"4","author":"Kaushal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2014.6880460","article-title":"Evaluation of underwater optical-acoustic hybrid network","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossu, G., Corsini, R., Khalid, A.M., Balestrino, S., Coppelli, A., Caiti, A., and Ciaramella, E. (2013, January 21). Experimental demonstration of high speed underwater visible light communications. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications (IWOW), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOW.2013.6777767"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.081612.121225","article-title":"On Link Misalignment for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Brundage, H. (2010). Designing a Wireless Underwater Optical Communication System. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1721.1\/57699."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, July 02). SA Photonic Neptune. Available online: http:\/\/www.saphotonics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Neptune-Datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Freitas, P., Pessoa, L., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2014, January 12\u201314). Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 Underwater Networks Operating at 700 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems\u2014WUWNET, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2671490.2674571"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2015, January 22\u201324). IEEE 802.11 Rate Adaptation Algorithms in Underwater Environment. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems, WUWNET \u201915, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2831296.2831312"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F., Santos, J., Pessoa, L., Pereira, M., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2015, January 22\u201324). Evaluation of Underwater IEEE 802.11 Networks at VHF and UHF Frequency Bands using Software Defined Radios. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems\u2014WUWNET, Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2831296.2831313"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campagnaro, F., Francescon, R., Casari, P., Diamant, R., and Zorzi, M. (2017, January 6\u20138). Multimodal underwater networks: Recent advances and a look ahead. Proceedings of the International Conference on Underwater Networks & Systems, Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3148675.3152759"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst, R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and Weiss, H. (2021, July 06). RFC 4838, Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc4838\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Scott, K., and Burleigh, S. (2021, July 06). RFC 5050, Bundle Protocol Specification. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc5050."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebkal, V., Kebkal, K., Kebkal, O., and Komar, M. (2015, January 18\u201321). Experimental results of Delay-Tolerant Networking in underwater acoustic channel using S2C modems with embedded sandbox on-board. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2015\u2014Genova, Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS-Genova.2015.7271702"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69592","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918561","article-title":"ORIT: A Transport Layer Protocol Design for Underwater DTN Sensor Networks","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Soares, L. (2017). Wireless Underwater Broadband and Long Range Communications using Underwater Drones as Data Mules. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Porto]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/106809."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Loureiro, J.P. (2021). High Definition Wireless Video Streaming using Underwater Data Mules. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto]. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio-aberto.up.pt\/handle\/10216\/133682."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Desai, J.P., Dudek, G., Khatib, O., and Kumar, V. (2013). Autonomous, Localization-Free Underwater Data Muling Using Acoustic and Optical Communication. Experimental Robotics: The 13th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Raspante, F. (2012, January 14\u201319). Underwater mobile docking of autonomous underwater vehicles. Proceedings of the 2012 Oceans, Hampton Roads, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwolak, K., Wigley, R., Bohan, A., Zarayskaya, Y., Bazhenova, E., Dorshow, W., Sumiyoshi, M., Sattiabaruth, S., Roperez, J., and Proctor, A. (2020). The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Integrated with the Unmanned Surface Vessel Mapping the Southern Ionian Sea. The Winning Technology Solution of the Shell Ocean Discovery XPRIZE. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081344"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, C.Y., and Motani, M. (2007, January 18\u201321). An Integrated Energy Efficient Data Retrieval Protocol for Underwater Delay Tolerant Networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2007\u2014Europe, Aberdeen, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2007.4302341"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magistretti, E., Kong, J., Lee, U., Gerla, M., Bellavista, P., and Corradi, A. (2007, January 11\u201315). A Mobile Delay-Tolerant Approach to Long-Term Energy-Efficient Underwater Sensor Networking. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2007.531"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgenroth, J., P\u00f6gel, T., and Wolf, L. (2011, January 23). Live-Streaming in Delay Tolerant Networks. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Workshop on Challenged Networks, CHANTS \u201911, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2030652.2030673"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koucheryavy, Y., Mamatas, L., Matta, I., and Tsaoussidis, V. (2012). Reliable Data Streaming over Delay Tolerant Networks. International Conference on Wired\/Wireless Internet Communication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30630-3"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2762","article-title":"Bundle streaming service: Design, implementation and performance evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Lenas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loureiro, J.P., Teixeira, F.B., and Campos, R. (2021, January 8\u201311). Underwater High Definition Wireless Video Streaming using Data Muling. Proceedings of the 2021 Joint EuCNC & 6G Summit, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS44145.2021.9706099"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, B.R., and Mahmoudian, N. (2019, January 17\u201320). AUV Docking and Recovery with USV: An Experimental Study. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2019\u2014Marseille, Marseille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2019.8867159"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomeras, N., Pe\u00f1alver, A., Massot-Campos, M., Negre, P.L., Fern\u00c3\u00a1ndez, J.J., Ridao, P., Sanz, P.J., and Oliver-Codina, G. (2016). I-AUV Docking and Panel Intervention at Sea. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101673"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.44.2.5","article-title":"Modeling and control of the MARES autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"44","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, N.A., and Matos, A.C. (2008, January 15\u201318). The MARES AUV, a Modular Autonomous Robot for Environment Sampling. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2008, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2008.5152096"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Fossen, T.I. (1999). Guidance and Control of Ocean Vehicles. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Trondheim]. Available online: http:\/\/resolver.tudelft.nl\/uuid:2ea31f56-6db4-475b-afe6-d146cebbd7e9."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, F.B., Moreira, N., Abreu, N., Ferreira, B., Ricardo, M., and Campos, R. (2020, January 12\u201314). UDMSim: A Simulation Platform for Underwater Data Muling Communications. Proceedings of the 2020 16th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMob50308.2020.9253412"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Nsnam (2021, July 06). ns3\u2014A Discrete-Event Network Simulator for Internet Systems. Available online: http:\/\/www.nsnam.org."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontes, H., Campos, R., and Ricardo, M. (2017, January 13\u201314). A Trace-Based Ns-3 Simulation Approach for Perpetuating Real-World Experiments. Proceedings of the Workshop on Ns-3; Association for Computing, WNS3 \u201917, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/3067665.3067681"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In\u00e1cio, S.I., Pereira, M.R., Santos, H.M., Pessoa, L.M., Teixeira, F.B., Lopes, M.J., Aboderin, O., and Salgado, H.M. (September, January 30). Dipole antenna for underwater radio communications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Third Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms), Lerici, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/UComms.2016.7583457"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In\u00e1cio, S.I., Pereira, M.R., Santos, H.M., Pessoa, L.M., Teixeira, F.B., Lopes, M.J., Aboderin, O., and Salgado, H.M. (2016, January 10\u201313). Antenna design for underwater radio communications. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2016\u2014Shanghai, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSAP.2016.7485705"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2021, July 06). IBRDTN. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/ibrdtn\/ibrdtn."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/10\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:03:14Z","timestamp":1760166194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/10\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["computers10100119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers10100119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]}}}