{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1773795901491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensors and other Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are increasingly finding application in various fields, such as air quality monitoring, weather alerts monitoring, water quality monitoring, healthcare monitoring, etc. IoT sensors continuously generate large volumes of observed stream data; therefore, processing requires a special approach. Extracting the contextual information essential for situational knowledge from sensor stream data is very difficult, especially when processing and interpretation of these data are required in real time. This paper focuses on processing and interpreting sensor stream data in real time by integrating different semantic annotations. In this context, a system named IoT Semantic Annotations System (IoTSAS) is developed. Furthermore, the performance of the IoTSAS System is presented by testing air quality and weather alerts monitoring IoT domains by extending the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards and the Sensor Observations Service (SOS) standards, respectively. The developed system provides information in real time to citizens about the health implications from air pollution and weather conditions, e.g., blizzard, flurry, etc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10100127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T09:16:42Z","timestamp":1633943802000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["IoTSAS: An Integrated System for Real-Time Semantic Annotation and Interpretation of IoT Sensor Stream Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Besmir","family":"Sejdiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Contemporary Sciences and Technologies, South East European University, 1200 Tetovo, North Macedonia"}]},{"given":"Florije","family":"Ismaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Contemporary Sciences and Technologies, South East European University, 1200 Tetovo, North Macedonia"}]},{"given":"Lule","family":"Ahmedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtin\u00eb, Kosovo"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSWIS.2020100101","article-title":"Integration of semantics into sensor data for the IoT\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"16","author":"Sejdiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Semant. Web Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). OGC, Open Geospatial Consortium. Available online: https:\/\/www.ogc.org."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2008.87","article-title":"Semantic Sensor Web","volume":"12","author":"Sheth","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, F., Li, Q., Zhu, T., and Ning, H. (2018). A Survey of Data Semantization in Internet of Things. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010313"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L., Bruenig, M., and Hunter, J. (2014). Estimating Fire Weather Indices via Semantic Reasoning over Wireless Sensor Network Data Streams. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100206","article-title":"Semantic Web Technologies for the Internet of Things: Systematic Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Rhayem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6473160","article-title":"A Review of Semantic Sensor Technologies in Internet of Things Architectures","volume":"2021","author":"Honti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamurthi, R., Kumar, A., Gopinathan, D., Nayyar, A., and Qureshi, B. (2020). An Overview of IoT Sensor Data Processing, Fusion, and Analysis Techniques. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216076"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"119","article-title":"Demonstration: Real-Time Semantic Analysis of Sensor Streams","volume":"11","author":"Patni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Workshop Semant. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"142","article-title":"ISDI: A New Window-Based Framework for Integrating IoT Streaming Data from Multiple Sources","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"AINA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsaleh, T., Enshaeifar, S., Rezvani, R., Acton, S.T., Janeiko, V., and Bermudez-Edo, M. (2020). IoT-Stream: A Lightweight Ontology for Internet of Things Data Streams and Its Use with Data Analytics and Event Detection Services. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20040953"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanden, H.S., Moens, P., Van Herwegen, J., De Paepe, D., Steenwinckel, B., Verstichel, S., Ongenae, F., and Van Hoecke, S. (2020). 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