{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:22:57Z","timestamp":1778156577359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006280","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106426RB-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106426RB-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universitat Jaume I research project","award":["UJI-B2018-56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UJI-B2018-56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Master lectures of history are usually quite boring for the students, and to keep their attention requires a great effort from teachers. Virtual and Augmented Reality have a clear potential in education and can solve this problem. Serious games that use immersive technologies allow students to visit and interact with environments dated in different ages. Taking this in mind, this article presents a playful virtual reality experience set in Ancient Rome that allows the user to learn concepts from that age. The virtual experience reproduces as accurately as possible the different buildings and civil constructions of the time, making it possible for the player to create Roman cities in a simple way. Once built, the user can visit them, accessing the buildings and being able to interact with the objects and characters that appear. Moreover, in order to learn more information about every building, users can visualize them using Augmented Reality using marker-based techniques. Different information has been included related to every building, such as their main uses, characteristics, or even some images that represent them. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed experience, several experiments have been carried out, taking as sample Secondary School students. Initially, the game\u2019s quality and playability has been evaluated and, subsequently, the motivation of the virtual learning experience in history. The results obtained support on the one hand its gameplay and attractiveness, and on the other, the student\u2019s increased interest in studying history, as well as the greater fixation of different concepts treated in a playful experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10110146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Learning History Using Virtual and Augmented Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Remolar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Rebollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-2834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon A.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910802154970","article-title":"First principles of motivation to learn and e3-learning","volume":"29","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17275\/per.16.06.3.2","article-title":"Motivation, Learning, and Technology: Applying the ARCS-V Motivation Model","volume":"3","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Particip. Educ. Res. (PER)"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Caponetto, I., Earp, J., and Ott, M. (2014, January 9\u201310). Gamification and Education: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Games-Based Learning, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossano, V., Roselli, T., and Calvano, G. (2018). A Serious Game to Promote Environmental Attitude. International Conference on Smart Education and Smart E-Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59451-4_5"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Brooks, A.L., Brooks, E., and Sylla, C. (2019). Learning Basic Mathematical Functions with Augmented Reality. Interactivity, Game Creation, Design, Learning, and Innovation, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaschko, M., and Hohenwarter, M. (2019). Augmented Reality in Mathematics Education: The Case of GeoGebra AR. Augmented Reality in Educational Settings, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004408845_014"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gee, J.P. (2004). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1145\/950566.950595"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878102238607","article-title":"Games, Motivation, and Learning: A Research and Practice Model","volume":"33","author":"Garris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Anderson, E., McLoughlin, L., Liarokapis, F., Peters, C., Petridis, P., and Freitas, S. (2009, January 22\u201325). Serious Games in Cultural Heritage. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, St. Julians, Malta, Germany."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.257","article-title":"Virtual Reality: How Much Immersion Is Enough?","volume":"40","author":"Bowman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-008-0023-2","article-title":"Full Virtualization\u2014BISE\u2019s Contribution to a vision","volume":"1","author":"Buhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0293-9","article-title":"Industry use of virtual reality in product design and manufacturing: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213602001","article-title":"Gaming on the Rift: How Virtual Reality Affects Game User Satisfaction","volume":"61","author":"Shelstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented Reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1108\/S2044-9968(2012)000006C011","article-title":"Augmenting Engagement: Augmented Reality in Education","volume":"6","author":"Cabiria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cut.-Edge Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"197","article-title":"Augmented Reality, an Evolution of the Applicatio of Mobile Devices","volume":"41","author":"Fombona","year":"2012","journal-title":"P\u00edxel-Bit. Rev. Medios Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusoff, Z., and Dahlan, H.M. (2013, January 27\u201328). Mobile based learning: An integrated framework to support learning engagement through Augmented Reality environment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRIIS.2013.6716718"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790200021","article-title":"The Design and Implementation of a Mobile Learning Resource","volume":"6","author":"Sharples","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2003.12.020","article-title":"Mobile educational features in authoring tools for personalised tutoring","volume":"44","author":"Virvou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Jones, V., and Jo, J. (2004, January 5\u20138). Ubiquitous Learning Environment: An Adaptive Teaching System Using Ubiquitous Technology. Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE Conference, Perth, Australia."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Seel, N.M. (2012). Playful Learning Environments: Effects on Children\u2019s Learning. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019). Ergonomics of Human-System Interaction\u2014Part 210: Human-Centred Design for Interactive Systems (ISO 9241-210:2019) (Endorsed by Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Normalizaci\u00f3n in November of 2019, ISO."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavapootanont, S., and Prompoon, N. (2015, January 23\u201325). Defining usability quality metric for mobile game prototype using software attributes. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS.2015.7339161"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suryapranata, K., Soewito, B., Kusuma, P., Gaol, L., and Warnars, H.L. (2017, January 19\u201321). Quality measurement for serious games. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Applied Computer and Communication Technologies, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMCOM.2017.8167098"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Malone, T.W., and Lepper, M.R. (1987). Making Learning Fun: A Taxonomy of Intrinsic Motivations for Learning, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalmers, A., and Debattista, K. (2009, January 23\u201324). Level of Realism for Serious Games. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference in Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications, Coventry, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/VS-GAMES.2009.43"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"UncasualGames (2019, January 13). Ancient Cities. Available online: https:\/\/www.ancient-cities.com\/\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Microsoft (2019, January 13). Age of Empires. Available online: https:\/\/www.ageofempires.com\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Graham, M. (2019, January 15). Pompei: The Legend of Vesuvius. Available online: http:\/\/www.adventureclassicgaming.com\/index.php\/site\/reviews\/489."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-010-0177-3","article-title":"Developing serious games for cultural heritage: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"The-Creative-Assembly (2019, January 18). Total War. Available online: https:\/\/www.totalwar.com\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haemimont-Games (2021, January 20). Imperivm: La Guerra de las Galias. Available online: http:\/\/www.fxinteractive.com\/p049\/p049.htm.","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.TARG-21-P049"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Wright, W. (2021, January 18). SimCity. Available online: https:\/\/www.ea.com\/es-es\/games\/simcity."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"System-3 (2021, January 20). Constructor Video Game. Available online: http:\/\/www.system3.com\/games\/constructor-ps4\/constructor-pc-2\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Madruga-Works (2021, January 21). Dawn of Man. Available online: https:\/\/http:\/\/madrugaworks.com\/dawnofman\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Haemimont-Games (2021, January 17). Imperivm Civitas. Available online: https:\/\/juegos.fxinteractive.com\/game.php?id=137."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Impressions-Games (2021, January 27). Caesar. Available online: https:\/\/impressionsgames.fandom.com\/wiki\/Caesar_(video_game)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mainz, U. (2021, January 17). Anno 1404. [Steam]. Available online: https:\/\/www.epicgames.com\/store\/es-ES\/p\/anno-1404."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00377996.2011.558940","article-title":"Using Civilization IV to Engage Students in World History Content","volume":"103","author":"Pagnotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878116646693","article-title":"Teaching History With Digital Historical Games: An Introduction to the Field and Best Practices","volume":"47","author":"McCall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Simul. Gaming"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mehmet, S.K., Ahmet, E.T., and Cinzia, T. (2018). History-Themed Games in History Education: Experiences on a Blended World History Course. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainwright, A. (2019). Virtual History: How Videogames Portray the Past, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315157351"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G. (2019, January 23\u201327). Virtual Simulation for History Education. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797734"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Games, S. (2021, July 28). Virtual Reality Educational Tool HistoryMaker VR. Available online: https:\/\/historymakervr.schellgames.com\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Oxford, W. (2021, July 29). VR Travelling in the Roman Empire. Available online: https:\/\/steamcommunity.com\/app\/1386530?l=latam."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Dylla, K., Frischer, B.D., Mueller, P., Ulmer, A., and Haegler, S. (2009). Rome Reborn 2.0: A Case Study of Virtual City Reconstruction Using Procedural Modeling Techniques, Archaeopress. Computer Graphics World. 16."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03364-3_7","article-title":"A Review on Augmented Reality for Virtual Heritage System","volume":"Volume 5670","author":"Noh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning by Playing. Game-Based Education System Design and Development, 4th International Conference on E-Learning and Games"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Renevier Gonin, P., Nigay, L., Bouchet, J., and Pasqualetti, L. (2005). Generic Interaction Techniques for Mobile Collaborative Mixed Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Sablatnig, R., and Wimmer, M. (2018). Evaluation of Multi-Platform Mobile AR Frameworks for Roman Mosaic Augmentation. Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage, The Eurographics Association."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"584993","article-title":"ARCHEOGUIDE: first results of an augmented reality, mobile computing system in cultural heritage sites","volume":"9","author":"Vlahakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virtual Real. Archeol. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Reality, E. (2021, July 28). Navigate Ancient Rome in AR and VR. Available online: https:\/\/eonreality.com\/navigate-ancient-rome-in-ar-and-vr\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00031","article-title":"Learn by Doing: A Model for Incorporating High-Impact Experiential Learning Into an Undergraduate Public Health Curriculum","volume":"7","author":"Chorazy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seel, N.M. (2012). Learning by Doing. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Autodesk (2019, January 25). 3DS Max 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.autodesk.es\/products\/3ds-max\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Unity (2020, April 23). Vuforia Developer Library. Available online: https:\/\/library.vuforia.com\/content\/vuforia-library\/en\/articles\/Training\/ground-plane-guide.Html."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, M.C., Furi\u00f3, D., Segu\u00ed, I., Aiju, N.R., and Cano, J. (2011, January 8\u201311). Lessons Learnt from an Experience with an Augmented Reality IPhone Learning Game. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Lisbon, Portugal. ACE \u201911.","DOI":"10.1145\/2071423.2071488"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Unity (2019, February 13). Unity 3D Engine. Available online: https:\/\/unity3d.com\/es."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Methods for Evaluating Gameplay Experience in a Serious Gaming Context","volume":"9","author":"Nacke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Sci. Sport"}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/11\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:27:42Z","timestamp":1760167662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/10\/11\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["computers10110146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers10110146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}}}