{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:41:52Z","timestamp":1770741712141,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The problem of the electrical characterization of single-phase transformers is addressed in this research through the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA). A nonlinear programming model to determine the series and parallel impedances of the transformer is formulated using the mean square error (MSE) between the voltages and currents measured and calculated as the objective function. The CSA is selected as a solution technique since it is efficient in dealing with complex nonlinear programming models using penalty factors to explore and exploit the solution space with minimum computational effort. Numerical results in three single-phase transformers with nominal sizes of 20 kVA, 45 kVA, 112.5 kVA, and 167 kVA demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to define the transformer parameters when compared with the large-scale nonlinear solver fmincon in the MATLAB programming environment. Regarding the final objective function value, the CSA reaches objective functions lower than 2.75\u00d710\u221211 for all the simulation cases, which confirms their effectiveness in minimizing the MSE between real (measured) and expected (calculated) voltage and current variables in the transformer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Gilberto","family":"Gracia-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7775-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s Steven","family":"Morales-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Danilo","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"},{"name":"Laboratorio Inteligente de Energ\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.32397\/tesea.vol2.n2.2","article-title":"Implementation of an Energy Management System in Colombian Manufacturing\u2014A Methodological Approach","volume":"2","author":"Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. 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