{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1779247716474,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2019 has seen unprecedented demand for medical equipment and supplies. However, the problem of waste treatment has not yet been given due attention, i.e., the traditional waste treatment process is done independently, and it is not easy to share the necessary information. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the interaction between parties is minimized to limit infections. To evaluate the current system at medical centers, we also refer to the traditional waste treatment processes of four hospitals in Can Tho and Ho Chi Minh cities (Vietnam). Almost all hospitals are handled independently, lacking any interaction between the stakeholders. In this article, we propose a decentralized blockchain-based system for automating waste treatment processes for medical equipment and supplies after usage among the relevant parties, named Medical-Waste Chain. It consists of four components: medical equipment and supplies, waste centers, recycling plants, and sorting factories. Medical-Waste Chain integrates blockchain-based Hyperledger Fabric technology with decentralized storage of medical equipment and supply information, and securely shares related data with stakeholders. We present the system design, along with the interactions among the stakeholders, to ensure the minimization of medical waste generation. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution using system-wide timing and latency analysis based on the Hyperledger Caliper engine. Our system is developed based on the hybrid-blockchain system, so it is fully scalable for both on-chain and off-chain-based extensions. Moreover, the participants do not need to pay any fees to use and upgrade the system. To encourage future use of Medical-Waste Chain, we also share a proof-of-concept on our Github repository.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11070113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T21:19:28Z","timestamp":1657487968000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Medical-Waste Chain: A Medical Waste Collection, Classification and Treatment Management by Blockchain Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hai Trieu","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 256, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Khoi Le","family":"Quoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"The Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Khoa Tran","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Hong Khanh","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huong Hoang","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Hieu","family":"Le Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7590-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khiem Huynh","family":"Gia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Loc Van","family":"Cao Phu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Duy","family":"Nguyen Truong Quoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Tran","family":"Huyen Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, FPT University, Nguyen Van Cu Str. 600, 900000 Can Tho City, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Ha Xuan","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100 Varese, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nghia","family":"Duong-Trung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biotechnologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44905","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3066503","article-title":"Blockchain-based forward supply chain and waste management for COVID-19 medical equipment and supplies","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2020.1866082","article-title":"Emanating challenges in urban and healthcare waste management in Isfahan, Iran after the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Zand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111400","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemics Stage II\u2013energy and environmental impacts of vaccination","volume":"150","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. 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