{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:44:34Z","timestamp":1783161874152,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["321324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing interest in using social robots in public spaces for indoor and outdoor applications. The threat landscape is an important research area being investigated and debated by various stakeholders. Objectives: This study aims to identify and synthesize empirical research on the complete threat landscape of social robots in public spaces. Specifically, this paper identifies the potential threat actors, their motives for attacks, vulnerabilities, attack vectors, potential impacts of attacks, possible attack scenarios, and mitigations to these threats. Methods: This systematic literature review follows the guidelines by Kitchenham and Charters. The search was conducted in five digital databases, and 1469 studies were retrieved. This study analyzed 21 studies that satisfied the selection criteria. Results: Main findings reveal four threat categories: cybersecurity, social, physical, and public space. Conclusion: This study completely grasped the complexity of the transdisciplinary problem of social robot security and privacy while accommodating the diversity of stakeholders\u2019 perspectives. Findings give researchers and other stakeholders a comprehensive view by highlighting current developments and new research directions in this field. This study also proposed a taxonomy for threat actors and the threat landscape of social robots in public spaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11120181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:20:31Z","timestamp":1670552431000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Systematic Review on Social Robots in Public Spaces: Threat Landscape and Attack Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samson O.","family":"Oruma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences, \u00d8stfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gord\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences, \u00d8stfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Colomo-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences, \u00d8stfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Gkioulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2802 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joakim K.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSS Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 1777 Halden, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.01.003","article-title":"A Review of Recent Research in Social Robotics","volume":"36","author":"Sheridan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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