{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:29:29Z","timestamp":1776529769097,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2023R97"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R97"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University","award":["PNURSP2023R97"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R97"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on downlink power allocation for a cognitive radio-based non-orthogonal multiple access (CR-NOMA) system in a femtocell environment involving device-to-device (D2D) communication. The proposed power allocation scheme employs the greedy asynchronous distributed interference avoidance (GADIA) algorithm. This research aims to optimize the power allocation in the downlink transmission, considering the unique characteristics of the CR-NOMA-based femtocell D2D system. The GADIA algorithm is utilized to mitigate interference and effectively optimize power allocation across the network. This research uses a fairness index to present a novel fairness-constrained power allocation algorithm for a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. Through extensive simulations, the maximum rate under fairness (MRF) algorithm is shown to optimize system performance while maintaining fairness among users effectively. The fairness index is demonstrated to be adaptable to various user counts, offering a specified range with excellent responsiveness. The implementation of the GADIA algorithm exhibits promising results for sub-optimal frequency band distribution within the network. Mathematical models evaluated in MATLAB further confirm the superiority of CR-NOMA over optimum power allocation NOMA (OPA) and fixed power allocation NOMA (FPA) techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12080158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1691060923000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Downlink Power Allocation for CR-NOMA-Based Femtocell D2D Using Greedy Asynchronous Distributed Interference Avoidance Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nahla Nur","family":"Elmadina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Alzaiem Alazhari University, P.O. Box 1432, Khartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-081X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsadig","family":"Saeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Alzaiem Alazhari University, P.O. Box 1432, Khartoum 13311, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4738-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmustafa Sayed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Red Sea University, P.O. Box 24, Port Sudan 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abdelhaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2350-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raed","family":"Alsaqour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 93499, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1900-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf","family":"Alharbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Applied College, Taibah University, Madinah 46537, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7158264","article-title":"Spectrum and license flexibility for 5G networks","volume":"53","author":"Kliks","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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