{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:33:47Z","timestamp":1780389227691,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In medical information systems, image data can be considered crucial information. As imaging technology and methods for analyzing medical images advance, there will be a greater wealth of data available for study. Hence, protecting those images is essential. Image encryption methods are crucial in multimedia applications for ensuring the security and authenticity of digital images. Recently, the encryption of medical images has garnered significant attention from academics due to concerns about the safety of medical communication. Advanced approaches, such as e-health, smart health, and telemedicine applications, are employed in the medical profession. This has highlighted the issue that medical images are often produced and shared online, necessitating protection against unauthorized use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12080160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T12:10:30Z","timestamp":1691755830000},"page":"160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Medical Image Encryption: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Saja Theab","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10022, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal Abdulmohsin","family":"Hammood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10022, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raad Farhood","family":"Chisab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Institute Kut, Middle Technical University, Kut 52001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Naji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10022, Iraq"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6496-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javaan","family":"Chahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-021-00683-x","article-title":"A survey of image encryption for healthcare applications","volume":"16","author":"Priyanka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol. Intell."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020256.1.11792020","article-title":"Personal data usage and privacy considerations in the COVID-19 global pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, N.S., Hammood, D.A., Al-Naji, A., and Chahl, J. (2022). A Fast Text-to-Image Encryption-Decryption Algorithm for Secure Network Communication. Computers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11030039"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naji, M.A., Atee, H.A., Jebur, R.S., Hammood, D.A., Der, C.S., Abosinnee, A.S., Yasari, A.K.I., and Ahmad, R.B. (2021, January 21\u201322). Breaking A Playfair Cipher Using Single and Multipoints Crossover Based on Heuristic Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Iraqi Conference on Engineering Technology and Their Applications (IICETA), Najaf, Iraq.","DOI":"10.1109\/IICETA51758.2021.9717757"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06420-z","article-title":"Medical Image Encryption Based on Hybrid Chaotic DNA Diffusion","volume":"108","author":"Dagadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dey, S., and Ghosh, R. (2018). Computer and Cyber Security, Auerbach Publications."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107286","article-title":"Cryptanalysis and improvement of medical image encryption using high-speed scrambling and pixel adaptive diffusion","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30344","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901302","article-title":"A New Plaintext-Related Image Encryption Scheme Based on Chaotic Sequence","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Su, Z., Zhang, G., and Jiang, J. (2012). Multimedia\u2014A Multidisciplinary Approach to Complex Issues, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-020-00948-1","article-title":"Fast image encryption algorithm with high security level using the B\u00fclban chaotic map","volume":"18","author":"Talhaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Process."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrating encryption techniques for secure data storage in the cloud","volume":"33","author":"Seth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-018-9298-8","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Image Encryption Techniques","volume":"27","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-017-0148-5","article-title":"A Survey of Image Encryption Algorithms","volume":"8","author":"Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"3D Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"104","article-title":"Timing attacks on implementations of diffie-hellman, RSA, DSS, and other systems","volume":"Volume 1109","author":"Kocher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Advances in Cryptology\u2014CRYPTO\u201996, Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 18\u201322 August 1996"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2018.9010047","article-title":"Side-Channel Attacks in a Real Scenario","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"355","article-title":"A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model","volume":"9","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Invariant of Enhanced AES Algorithm Implementations Against Power Analysis Attacks","volume":"72","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/23742917.2016.1231523","article-title":"Power analysis attacks on the AES-128 S-box using differential power analysis (DPA) and correlation power analysis (CPA)","volume":"1","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cyber Secur. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potestad-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, F.E., Tena-S\u00e1nchez, E., Acosta-Jim\u00e9nez, A.J., Jim\u00e9nez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C.J., and Chaves, R. (2022). Hardware Counter-Measures Benchmarking against Fault Attacks. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052443"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Cui, X., Cao, J., and Zhang, X. (2017, January 25\u201328). A hybrid fault model for differential fault attack on AES. Proceedings of the International Conference on ASIC, Guiyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASICON.2017.8252593"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-018-0049-y","article-title":"Lightweight de-sign-for-security strategies for combined countermeasures against side channel and fault analysis in IoT applications","volume":"3","author":"Patranabis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hardw. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-016-5598-9","article-title":"A Comprehensive FPGABased Assessment on Fault-Resistant AES Against Correlation Power Analysis Attack","volume":"32","author":"Dofe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electron. Test."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Iyer, V., and Orshansky, M. (2019, January 5\u201310). Securing AES against Localized EM Attacks through Spatial Randomization of Dataflow. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), McLean, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2019.8741026"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regazzoni, F., Eisenbarth, T., Grobschadl, J., Breveglieri, L., Ienne, P., Koren, I., and Paar, C. (2007, January 26\u201328). Power attacks resistance of cryptographic s-boxes with added error detection circuits. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2007.61"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"31","article-title":"NPCR and UACI Randomness Tests for Image Encryption","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyber J. Multidiscip. J. Sci. Technol. J. Sel. Areas Telecommun. (JSAT)"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., and Liu, L. (2023). Chaos-Based Image Encryption: Review, Application, and Challenges. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11112585"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jebur, R.S., Der, C.S., and Hammood, D.A. (2020, January 14\u201315). A Review and Taxonomy of Image Denoising Techniques. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Interactive Digital Media (ICIDM), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIDM51048.2020.9339674"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2014.05.023","article-title":"A fast image encryption method by using chaotic 3D cat maps","volume":"125","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2012.07.004","article-title":"A hybrid chaotic system and cyclic elliptic curve for image encryption","volume":"67","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9040702","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9040702","article-title":"A High-Security Privacy Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaos and Double Encryption Strategy","volume":"2022","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"4152683","article-title":"A New Image Encryption Technique Based on Sine Map, Chaotic Tent Map, and Circulant Matrices","volume":"2022","author":"Kanwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091053","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2091053","article-title":"A Novel Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Latin Square and Random Shift","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527295","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5527295","article-title":"Chaotic Lightweight Cryptosystem for Image Encryption","volume":"2021","author":"Ferdush","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Multimedia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiran, K., Gururaj, H.L., Almeshari, M., Alzamil, Y., Ravi, V., and Sudeesh, K.V. (2023). Efficient SCAN and Chaotic Map Encryption System for Securing E-Healthcare Images. Information, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/info14010047"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9363377","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9363377","article-title":"Enhanced Lorenz-Chaotic Encryption Method for Partial Medical Image Encryption and Data Hiding in Big Data Healthcare","volume":"2022","author":"Rashmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1049\/ccs2.12070","article-title":"Medical image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaotic system and DNA coding","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Roitblat, H.L. (2020). Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence, MIT."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"6438331","article-title":"Securing E-Healthcare Images Using an Efficient Image Encryption Model","volume":"2022","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Program."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012106","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1022\/1\/012106","article-title":"Chaos Based Secure Medical Image Transmission Model for IoT- Powered Healthcare Systems","volume":"1022","author":"Rajendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harshitha, M., Rupa, C., Pujitha Sai, K., Pravallika, A., and Kusuma Sowmya, V. (2021, January 30\u201331). Secure Medical Multimedia Data Using Symmetric Cipher Based Chaotic Logistic Mapping. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), Puducherry, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS51430.2021.9441836"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37855","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3063237","article-title":"A New Image Encryption Algorithm for Grey and Color Medical Images","volume":"9","author":"Kamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.18280\/ijsse.120310","article-title":"Selective Medical Image Encryption Using Polynomial-Based Secret Image Sharing and Chaotic Map","volume":"12","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.11.074","article-title":"Encryption of medical image with most significant bit and high capacity in piecewise linear chaos graphics","volume":"135","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2022.127738","article-title":"High-efficiency medical image encryption method based on 2D Logistic-Gaussian hyperchaotic map","volume":"442","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Forouzan, B. (2023, February 20). Cryptography and Network Security. Available online: https:\/\/www.just.edu.jo\/FacultiesandDepartments\/it\/Departments\/NES\/Documents\/2009Syllabus\/NES452-Syllabus.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lone, P.N., Singh, D., Stoffov\u00e1, V., Mishra, D.C., Mir, U.H., and Kumar, N. (2022). Cryptanalysis and Improved Image Encryption Scheme Using Elliptic Curve and Affine Hill Cipher. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10203878"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.37936\/ecti-cit.2022163.246991","article-title":"Hybrid Visual and Optimal Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Medical Image Security in Iot","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECTI Trans. Comput. Inf. Technol. (ECTI-CIT)"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Vincent B., A., Cecil Donald, A., Shanthan, B.J.H., Bist, A.S., Mehraj, H., and VijendraBabu, D. (2023, February 20). Medical Image Detection & Privacy Management with Elliptic Curve GOPSO Cryptographic Optimization Technique on the Internet of Health Things. Available online: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/ppr\/ppr371633."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09775-9","article-title":"An efficient image encryption scheme for TMIS based on elliptic curve integrated encryption and linear cryptography","volume":"80","author":"Benssalah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"419","article-title":"Improved Elliptic Curve Cryptography with Homomorphic Encryption for Medical Image En-cryption","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9827","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-022-07383-3","article-title":"A Novel Image Encryption Scheme Based on ABC Algorithm and Elliptic Curves","volume":"48","author":"Haider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10700-x","article-title":"Image encryption method based on improved ECC and modified AES algorithm","volume":"80","author":"Hafsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benssalah, M., and Rhaskali, Y. (2020, January 16\u201317). A Secure DICOM Image Encryption Scheme Based on ECC, Linear Cryptography and Chaos. Proceedings of the 2020 1st International Conference on Communications, Control Systems and Signal Processing (CCSSP), El Oued, Algeria.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCSSP49278.2020.9151462"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194289","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032403","article-title":"Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Using Henon Map, Dynamic S-Boxes and Elliptic Curve Cryptography","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.10.011","article-title":"A novel image encryption scheme based on an elliptic curve","volume":"155","author":"Hayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2013.08.007","article-title":"Improved algorithm for image encryption based on DNA encoding and multi-chaotic maps","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.11.221","article-title":"An improvement color image encryption algorithm based on DNA operations and real and complex chaotic systems","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2021.06.012","article-title":"A novel image encryption algorithm based on SPWLCM and DNA coding","volume":"190","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJRQEH.308803","article-title":"A DNA Sequencing Medical Image Encryption System (DMIES) Using Chaos Map and Knight\u2019s Travel Map","volume":"11","author":"Adithya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Reliab. Qual. E-Healthc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir, U.H. (2023, February 20). Hyperchaotic Image Encryption Using DNA Coding and Discrete Cosine Transform. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2429075\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2429075\/v1"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"67","article-title":"Robust 4-D Hyperchaotic DNA Framework for Medical Image Encryption","volume":"14","author":"Alqazzaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Netw. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S. (2023, February 20). Medical Image Encryption Using 3D Unified Chaotic System and Dynamic DNA Coding. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-2244229\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2244229\/v1"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"66","article-title":"Secure Image Steganography by Utilizing DNA Properties","volume":"34","author":"Ismael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zanco J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03410-7","article-title":"A medical image cryptosystem using bit-level diffusion with DNA coding","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14546-3","article-title":"Novel medical image cryptogram technology based on segmentation and DNA encoding","volume":"82","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2020.1718248","article-title":"Selective medical image encryption using DNA cryptography","volume":"29","author":"Akkasaligar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Secur. J. A Glob. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09672-1","article-title":"A new efficient medical image cipher based on hybrid chaotic map and DNA code","volume":"80","author":"Guesmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3194590","article-title":"Medical Image Encryption by Content-Aware DNA Computing for Secure Healthcare","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00287-1","article-title":"Constitutive expression and structural diversity of inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in human tissues","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"1996","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1568318.1568324","article-title":"On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography","volume":"56","author":"Regev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2023, February 20). Quantum Algorithms: An Overview. The Morning Paper. Available online: https:\/\/blog.acolyer.org\/2018\/02\/06\/quantum-algorithms-an-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"114","article-title":"A public-key cryptosystem based on algebraic coding theory","volume":"4244","author":"McEliece","year":"1978","journal-title":"Coding Thv."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"773","article-title":"A robust medical image steganography approach based on particle swarm optimization algorithm and quantum walks","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1007\/s10773-019-04258-6","article-title":"Quantum Selective Encryption for Medical Images","volume":"58","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Theor. Phys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2777869","article-title":"Robust encryption of quantum medical images","volume":"6","author":"Talha","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118624","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3107608","article-title":"Intelligent Symmetric Cryptography with Chaotic Map and Quantum Based Key Generator for Medical Images Infosecurity","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21075","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2820603","article-title":"Efficient Quantum Information Hiding for Remote Medical Image Sharing","volume":"6","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-017-1694-8","article-title":"A novel quantum LSB-based steganography method using the Gray code for colored quantum images","volume":"16","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.03.091","article-title":"A new secure quantum watermarking scheme","volume":"139","author":"Naseri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T.-J., Abd-El-Atty, B., Amin, M., and El-Latif, A.A.A. (2016, January 30\u201331). QISLSQb: A Quantum Image Steganography Scheme Based on Least Significant Qubit. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Mathematical, Computational and Statistical Sciences and Engineering (MCSSE 2016), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.12783\/dtcse\/mcsse2016\/10934"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasova, M., Bisheh-Niasar, M., Seo, H., Azarderakhsh, R., and Kermani, M.M. (2022, January 27\u201330). Efficient and Side-Channel Resistant Design of High-Security Ed448 on ARM Cortex-M4. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), McLean, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HOST54066.2022.9839742"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Anastasova, M., Kampanakis, P., and Massimo, J. (2023, February 20). PQ-HPKE: Post-Quantum Hybrid Public Key Encryption. Cryptology ePrint Archive. Available online: https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2022\/414."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saarinen, M.-J.O. (2020, January 3\u20136). Mobile Energy Requirements of the Upcoming NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards. Proceedings of the 2020 8th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud), Oxford, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/MobileCloud48802.2020.00012"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasova, M., Bisheh-Niasar, M., Azarderakhsh, R., and Kermani, M.M. (2021, January 6\u20139). Compressed SIKE Round 3 on ARM Cortex-M4. Proceedings of the Security and Privacy in Communication Networks: 17th EAI International Conference, SecureComm 2021, Virtual Event. Proceedings, Part II 17.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90022-9_24"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanal, P., Karagoz, E., Seo, H., Azarderakhsh, R., and Mozaffari-Kermani, M. (2021, January 6\u20139). Kyber on ARM64: Compact implementations of Kyber on 64-bit ARM Cortex-A processors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Systems, Virtual. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2021\/561.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90022-9_23"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.46578\/humder.1066545","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review about Image Encryption Methods","volume":"8733","author":"Tiken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Harran \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Derg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suneja, K., Dua, S., and Dua, M. (2019, January 27\u201329). A review of chaos based image encryption. Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC), Erode, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC.2019.8819860"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.06.010","article-title":"An overview of encryption algorithms in color images","volume":"164","author":"Ghadirli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"2277","article-title":"DNA Based Cryptographic Techniques: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavithra, V., and Jeyamala, C. (2018, January 13\u201315). A Survey on the Techniques of Medical Image Encryption. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, ICCIC 2018, Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIC.2018.8782432"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, B.B., and Sharmila, V.C. (2018, January 11\u201313). An survey on DNA based cryptography. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In Engineering and Technological Research (ICETIETR), Ernakulam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETIETR.2018.8529075"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.11591\/eei.v6i1.599","article-title":"Chaos Image Encryption Methods: A Survey Study","volume":"6","author":"Fadhel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISP.2018070104","article-title":"A Literature Review on Image Encryption Techniques","volume":"12","author":"Geetha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"30","article-title":"Image Encryption Using Different Techniques","volume":"1","author":"Engineering","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"228","article-title":"Efficient hardware implementations for elliptic curve cryptography over curve448","volume":"Volume 12578","author":"Niasar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in Cryptology\u2014INDOCRYPT 2020, Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryptology in India, Bangalore, India, 13\u201316 December 2020"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2021.3077885","article-title":"Cryptographic Accelerators for Digital Signature Based on Ed25519","volume":"29","author":"Azarderakhsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2014.2382715","article-title":"Reliable and error detection architectures of pomaranch for false-alarm-sensitive cryptographic applications","volume":"23","author":"Azarderakhsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobti, R., Geetha, G., and Anand, S. (2012, January 14\u201315). Performance comparison of Gr\u00f8estl, JH and Blake\u2013SHA-3 final round candidate algorithms on ARM cortex M3 processor. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Computing Sciences, Phagwara, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2012.57"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"75","article-title":"A Substitution Box for Lightweight Ciphers to Secure Internet of Things","volume":"35","author":"Panchami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasova, M., Azarderakhsh, R., Kermani, M.M., and Beshaj, L. (December, January 30). Time-Efficient Finite Field Microarchitecture Design for Curve448 and Ed448 on Cortex-M4. Proceedings of the Information Security and Cryptology\u2014ICISC 2022: 25th International Conference, ICISC 2022, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29371-9_15"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6ffel, M., Lauer, F., Rheinl\u00e4nder, C.C., and Wehn, N. (2022). Secure IoT in the era of quantum computers\u2014Where are the bottlenecks?. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072484"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3096916","article-title":"Fast Strategies for the Implementation of SIKE Round 3 on ARM Cortex-M4","volume":"68","author":"Anastasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142016","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010555","article-title":"Generic Parity-Based Concurrent Error Detection for Lightweight ARX Ciphers","volume":"8","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Hardware Constructions for Error Detection in Lightweight Welch-Gong (WG)-Oriented Streamcipher WAGE Benchmarked on FPGA","volume":"10","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kermani, M.M., Azarderakhsh, R., and Xie, J. (2016, January 19\u201320). Error detection reliable architectures of Camellia block cipher applicable to different variants of its substitution boxes. Proceedings of the IEEE Asian Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (AsianHOST), Yilan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AsianHOST.2016.7835560"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"101","article-title":"From Unbalanced to Perfect: Implementation of Low Energy Stream Ciphers","volume":"Volume 136","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Progress in Cryptology\u2014AFRICACRYPT 2023"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Smith, J., and Johnson, A. (2023, January 29\u201330). Block Cipher QARMA with Error Detection Mechanisms. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cryptography, London, UK."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/12\/8\/160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:31:58Z","timestamp":1760128318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/12\/8\/160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["computers12080160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers12080160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}