{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:44:45Z","timestamp":1760150685875,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61931001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Long-Term Evolution Vehicle-to-Everything (LTE-V2X) communication technology has received extensive attention. Timing synchronization is a crucial step in the receiving process, addressing Timing Offsets (TOs) resulting from random propagation delays, sampling frequency mismatches between the transmitter and receiver or a combination of both. However, the presence of high-speed relative movement between nodes and a low antenna height leads to a significant Doppler frequency offset, resulting in a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for received signals in LTE-V2X communication scenarios. This paper aims to investigate LTE-V2X technology with a specific focus on time synchronization. The research centers on the time synchronization method utilizing the Primary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (PSSS) and conducts a comprehensive analysis of existing algorithms, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. On this basis, a robust timing synchronization algorithm for LTE-V2X communication scenarios is proposed. The algorithm comprises three key steps: coarse synchronization, frequency offset estimation and fine synchronization. Enhanced robustness is achieved through algorithm fusion, optimal decision threshold design and predefined frequency offset values. Furthermore, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform is established. The simulation results demonstrate a substantial performance improvement for the proposed algorithm compared to existing methods under adverse channel conditions characterized by high frequency offsets and low SNR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Robust Timing Synchronization Algorithm Based on PSSS for LTE-V2X"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100033, China"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100033, China"}]},{"given":"Lingfan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X): A Review","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. 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