{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:04:24Z","timestamp":1769277864548,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1002343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1002343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As control algorithms evolve, their enhanced performance is often accompanied by increased complexity, reaching a point where practical experimentation becomes unfeasible. This situation has led to many theoretical studies relying solely on simulations without experimental verification. To address this gap, this study introduces a rapid experimentation protocol (REP) for applying field-oriented control (FOC) strategies to permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) based on model-based design (MBD) and automated code generation. REP is designed to be user-friendly and straightforward, offering a less complex and more accessible alternative to DSP toolboxes. Its excellent hardware compatibility is conducive to code porting and development. With this protocol, users can quickly conduct FOC strategy experiments with reduced dependency on the complex automated code generation tools often associated with toolboxes. Centered around the PMSM model, this method utilizes only the fundamental modules of MATLAB2023b\/Simulink, greatly simplifying the user experience. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the protocol, models for both sensor-based and sensorless control are developed. The practicality of REP, including sensor-based and sensorless experiments, is successfully validated on an arm-cortex-M4-based GD32 microcontroller.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13030073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1710141932000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Rapid Experimental Protocol for PMSM via MBD: Modeling, Simulation, and Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1052-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Fab. Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3166-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeongki","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyein","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6635-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonuh","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwanho","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Fab. Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krizan, J., Ertl, L., Bradac, M., Jasansky, M., and Andreev, A. (2014, January 4\u20137). Automatic code generation from Matlab\/Simulink for critical applications. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2014.6901058"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Andrs, O., Hadas, Z., Kovar, J., Veti\u0161ka, J., and Singule, V. (2014). Mechatronics 2013: Recent Technological and Scientific Advances, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2022.3197504","article-title":"PHCG: Optimizing Simulink Code Generation for Embedded System With SIMD Instructions","volume":"42","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2407864","article-title":"High-Fidelity Nonlinear IPM Modeling Based on Measured Stator Winding Flux Linkage","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rademacher, F., Sorgalla, J., Sachweh, S., and Z\u00fcndorf, A. (2019, January 8\u201312). A model-driven workflow for distributed microservice development. Proceedings of the 34th ACM\/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1145\/3297280.3300182"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1109\/LCSYS.2022.3184649","article-title":"A Hybrid sensorless observer for the robust global asymptotic flux reconstruction of permanent magnet synchronous machines","volume":"6","author":"Bosso","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/LCSYS.2022.3221719","article-title":"Design and implementation of finite-time control for speed tracking of permanent magnet synchronous mtors","volume":"7","author":"Chatri","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Control Syst. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3019886","article-title":"High-precision position error correction method for the PMSM based on low-order harmonic Suppression","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2021.3137803","article-title":"Investigation of a 3D-magnetic flux PMSM with high torque density for electric vehicles","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2023.3277628","article-title":"Time-varying disturbance oserver based improved sliding mode single-loop control of PMSM drives with a hybrid reaching law","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2021.3083925","article-title":"Improved non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control with disturbance observer for PMSM drives","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Lee, J.S. (31\u20133, January 31). Rapid control prototyping for PMSM drives using DSPs and PLECS. Proceedings of the 2021 24th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Gyeongiu, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICEMS52562.2021.9634243"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saralegui, R., Sanchez, A., and de Castro, A. (2023). Efficient hardware-in-the-loop models using automatic code generation with MATLAB\/Simulink. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12132786"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, A., Padgil, R., Gupta, A., Lohia, A., and Nair, N.P. (2021, January 20\u201322). Model-based sensored field oriented control implementation for permanent magnet synchronous motor. Proceedings of the 2021 International Symposium of Asian Control Association on Intelligent Robotics and Industrial Automation (IRIA), Goa, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRIA53009.2021.9588787"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Zeng, P., and Wang, A. (2018, January 21\u201322). Research on servo system of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on model design. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advanced Control, Automation and Artificial Intelligence (ACAAI 2018), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/acaai-18.2018.13"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhamel, L., Buscarino, A., Cucuccio, A., Fortuna, L., and Rascona, G. (July, January 29). Model-based design streamlines for STM32 motor control embedded software system. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoDIT49905.2020.9263910"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wild, L., Incurvati, M., Schiestl, M., and Staerz, R. (2022, January 10\u201312). Rapid prototyping framework for integrated modular motor drives: Modelling, simulation and automated code generation. Proceedings of the PCIM Europe 2022; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Nuremberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., and Zhang, S. (2018, January 5\u20138). Development of permanent magnet synchronous motor RCP based on hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2018.8484509"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Han, W., Wang, L., Liu, Z., and Du, W. (2022). Linear golden section speed adaptive control of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on model Design. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10051010"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2344432","article-title":"FPGA implementation of model predictive control with constant switching frequency for PMSM drives","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"826","article-title":"Reduced order modeling of half-wave rectified brushless synchronous motor for model-based design","volume":"12","author":"Koga","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEJ J. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Jiang, D., Sun, W., and Liu, Z. (2019, January 11\u201314). A motor controller development framework based on switch model simulation and all code automatic generation. Proceedings of the 2019 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMS.2019.8921749"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa.2018.5656","article-title":"Design and implementation of a novel adaptive backstepping control scheme for a PMSM with unknown load torque","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/87.960344","article-title":"Interconnection and damping assignment approach to control of PM synchronous motors","volume":"9","author":"Petrovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/41.982262","article-title":"Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: A comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2012.2228484","article-title":"Quadrature PLL-based high-order sliding-mode observer for IPMSM sensorless control with online MTPA control strategy","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/13\/3\/73\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:23Z","timestamp":1760105483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/13\/3\/73"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["computers13030073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers13030073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-431X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]}}}