{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:09:54Z","timestamp":1778191794635,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid development of digitalization, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Industry 4.0 has led to the emergence of the digital twin concept. IoT is an important pillar of the digital twin. The digital twin serves as a crucial link, merging the physical and digital territories of Industry 4.0. Digital twins are beneficial to numerous industries, providing the capability to perform advanced analytics, create detailed simulations, and facilitate informed decision-making that IoT supports. This paper presents a review of the literature on digital twins, discussing its concepts, definitions, frameworks, application methods, and challenges. The review spans various domains, including manufacturing, energy, agriculture, maintenance, construction, transportation, and smart cities in Industry 4.0. The present study suggests that the terminology \u201c3 dimensional (3D) digital twin\u201d is a more fitting descriptor for digital twin technology assisted by IoT. The aforementioned statement serves as the central argument of the study. This article advocates for a shift in terminology, replacing \u201cdigital twin\u201d with \u201c3D digital twin\u201d to more accurately depict the technology\u2019s innate potential and capabilities in Industry 4.0. We aim to establish that \u201c3D digital twin\u201d offers a more precise and holistic representation of the technology. By doing so, we underline the digital twin\u2019s analytical ability and capacity to offer an intuitive understanding of systems, which can significantly streamline decision-making processes using the digital twin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13040100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T04:21:59Z","timestamp":1713241319000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Digital Twin and 3D Digital Twin: Concepts, Applications, and Challenges in Industry 4.0 for Digital Twin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April Lia","family":"Hananto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang, Karawang 41361, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Tirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Renewable Energy, Darma Persada University, East Jakarta 13450, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safarudin Gazali","family":"Herawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manzoore Elahi M.","family":"Soudagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djati Wibowo","family":"Djamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Sampoerna University, Jakarta 12760, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1674-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibham","family":"Veza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110801","article-title":"Towards the future of smart electric vehicles: Digital twin technology","volume":"141","author":"Bhatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. 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