{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T06:22:38Z","timestamp":1768717358420,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (JU)","award":["16HPC022K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16HPC022K"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (JU)","award":["956416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["956416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OpenFOAM is a CFD software widely used in both industry and academia. The exaFOAM project aims at enhancing the HPC scalability of OpenFOAM, while identifying its current bottlenecks and proposing ways to overcome them. For the assessment of the software components and the code profiling during the code development, lightweight but significant benchmarks should be used. The answer was to develop microbenchmarks, with a small memory footprint and short runtime. The name microbenchmark does not mean that they have been prepared to be the smallest possible test cases, as they have been developed to fit in a compute node, which usually has dozens of compute cores. The microbenchmarks cover a broad band of applications: incompressible and compressible flow, combustion, viscoelastic flow and adjoint optimization. All benchmarks are part of the OpenFOAM HPC Technical Committee repository and are fully accessible. The performance using HPC systems with Intel and AMD processors (x86_64 architecture) and Arm processors (aarch64 architecture) have been benchmarked. For the workloads in this study, the mean performance with the AMD CPU is 62% higher than with Arm and 42% higher than with Intel. The AMD processor seems particularly suited resulting in an overall shorter time-to-solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13050115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1715079610000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Performance Comparison of CFD Microbenchmarks on Diverse HPC Architectures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio C. C.","family":"Galeazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 19, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3682-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garcia-Gasulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Pl. Eusebi Guell 3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1970-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Boella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E4 Computer Engineering, Via Martiri della Libert\u00e0 66, 42019 Scandiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6479-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pocurull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Pl. Eusebi Guell 3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5703-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Lesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WIKKI GmbH, Ziegelbergsweg 68, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3207-8937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Rusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WIKKI GmbH, Ziegelbergsweg 68, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Bn\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPC Department, CINECA, Bologna Office, Via Magnanelli 6\/3, 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cerminara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via Cesare Battisti 53, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Brogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via Cesare Battisti 53, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E4 Computer Engineering, Via Martiri della Libert\u00e0 66, 42019 Scandiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E4 Computer Engineering, Via Martiri della Libert\u00e0 66, 42019 Scandiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4345-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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