{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T23:10:04Z","timestamp":1775603404797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/ICT11\/UNIMAP\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/ICT11\/UNIMAP\/03\/1"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["RGP2\/212\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/212\/45"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/ICT11\/UNIMAP\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/ICT11\/UNIMAP\/03\/1"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/212\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/212\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rise of autonomous vehicles necessitates advanced communication networks for effective data exchange. The routing protocols Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) are vital in mobile networks (MANETs) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, their performance is affected by changing network conditions. This study examines key routing parameters\u2014MaxJitter, Hello\/Beacon Interval, and route validity time\u2014and their impact on AODV and GPSR performance in urban and highway scenarios. The simulation results reveal that increasing MaxJitter enhances AODV throughput by 12% in cities but decreases it by 8% on highways, while GPSR throughput declines by 15% in cities and 10% on highways. Longer Hello intervals improve AODV performance by 10% in urban settings but reduce it by 6% on highways. Extending route validity time increases GPSR\u2019s Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 10% in cities, underscoring the need to optimize routing parameters for enhanced VANET performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1735880522000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Computer-Aided Efficient Routing and Reliable Protocol Optimization for Autonomous Vehicle Communication Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa Kamal Yousif","family":"Dafhalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Elshaikh","family":"Elobaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira Elsir","family":"Tayfour Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information System, College of Science & Arts, King Khalid University, Mohyel Asser 62521, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ameni","family":"Filali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada Mohamed Osman","family":"SidAhmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Tahani A.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Badria Abaker Ibrahim","family":"Mohajir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Jawaher Suliman","family":"Altamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijjani","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1906","article-title":"AI-Driven Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"28","author":"Muniandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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