{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:03:56Z","timestamp":1780344236098,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["5199990914048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5199990914048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5199990914048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5199990914048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research)","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"]}]},{"name":"BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research)","award":["5199990914048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5199990914048"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A3069371"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["5199990914048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5199990914048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time physics simulations are vital for creating immersive and interactive experiences in extended reality (XR) applications. Balancing computational efficiency and simulation accuracy is challenging, especially in environments with multiple deformable objects that require complex interactions. In this study, we introduce a GPU-based parallel processing framework combined with a position-based dynamics (PBD) solver to tackle these challenges. The system is deployed within the Unity engine and enhances real-time performance through the use of sophisticated collision detection and response algorithms. Our method employs an AABB-based bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) structure to efficiently detect collisions, and incorporates the M\u00f6ller\u2013Trumbore algorithm for precise triangle-level interactions. We also boost computational efficiency by storing collision data in GPU-accessible 2D textures. Experimental assessments show performance improvements of up to 1705% in GPU simulations over CPU counterparts, achieving stable real-time frame rates for complex models such as the Stanford Bunny and Armadillo. Furthermore, utilizing 2D texture storage improves the FPS by up to 117%, confirming its efficacy for XR applications. This study offers a robust, scalable framework for real-time physics simulations, facilitating more natural and immersive XR experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T08:08:52Z","timestamp":1736150932000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Real-Time Physics Simulation Method for XR Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nak-Jun","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0958-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2910-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunthroza","family":"Hor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeheon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongly","family":"Va","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambodia Academy of Digital Technology, Phnom Penh 121002, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoo-Joo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI Software Engineering, Seoul Media Institute of Technology, Seoul-si 07590, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9963-5521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Software Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendevski, N., Veljanovski, K., and Emini, N. 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