{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:17:00Z","timestamp":1774261020420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review examines the role of various bioelectrical signals in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI) and analyzes how these signals are utilized in AI applications. The applications of electroencephalography (EEG), electroretinography (ERG), electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG), and electrocardiography (ECG) in diagnostic and therapeutic systems are focused on. Signal processing techniques are discussed, and relevant studies that have utilized these signals in various clinical and research settings are highlighted. Advances in signal processing and classification methodologies powered by AI have significantly improved accuracy and efficiency in medical analysis. The integration of AI algorithms with bioelectrical signal processing for real-time monitoring and diagnosis, particularly in personalized medicine, is emphasized. AI-driven approaches are shown to have the potential to enhance diagnostic precision and improve patient outcomes. However, further research is needed to optimize these models for diverse clinical environments and fully exploit the interaction between bioelectrical signals and AI technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14040145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1744343123000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Bioelectric Signals and Their Applications in Artificial Intelligence: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9963-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juarez-Castro Flavio","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Quer\u00e9taro (UAQ), Airport Campus, Chichimequillas Highway S\/N, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3565-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toledo-Rios Juan","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Quer\u00e9taro (UAQ), Airport Campus, Chichimequillas Highway S\/N, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aceves-Fern\u00e1ndez Marco","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Quer\u00e9taro (UAQ), Airport Campus, Chichimequillas Highway S\/N, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tovar-Arriaga","family":"Saul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Quer\u00e9taro (UAQ), Airport Campus, Chichimequillas Highway S\/N, Ejido Bola\u00f1os, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76140, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712032","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/712032","article-title":"Bioelectrical Signals as Emerging Biometrics: Issues and Challenges","volume":"2012","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinek, R., Ladrova, M., Sidikova, M., Jaros, R., Behbehani, K., Kahankova, R., and Kawala-Sterniuk, A. 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