{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:45:58Z","timestamp":1769633158220,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driver distraction can have severe safety consequences, particularly in public transportation. This paper presents a novel approach for detecting bus driver actions, such as mobile phone usage and interactions with passengers, using Kolmogorov\u2013Arnold networks (KANs). The adversarial FGSM attack method was applied to assess the robustness of KANs in extreme driving conditions, like adverse weather, high-traffic situations, and bad visibility conditions. In this research, a custom dataset was used in collaboration with a partner company in the field of public transportation. This allows the efficiency of Kolmogorov\u2013Arnold network solutions to be verified using real data. The results suggest that KANs can enhance driver distraction detection under challenging conditions, with improved resilience against adversarial attacks, particularly in low-complexity networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14050184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T09:56:19Z","timestamp":1746784579000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Driver Distraction Detection in Extreme Conditions Using Kolmogorov\u2013Arnold Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Holl\u00f3si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Central Campus Gy\u0151r, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Information Society, Ludovika University of Public Service, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6893-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mykola","family":"Sysyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Planning and Design of Railway Infrastructure, Technical University Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmytro","family":"Kurhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport Infrastructure, Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, UA-49005 Dnipro, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Central Campus Gy\u0151r, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6212-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Campus Gy\u0151r, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Vehicle Industry Research Center, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Central Campus Gy\u0151r, H-9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems for City Bus Applications","volume":"4","author":"Blades","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAE Tech. 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