{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:33:48Z","timestamp":1775842428953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots gain traction in educational settings, a growing number of studies explore their potential for personalized, scalable learning. However, methodological fragmentation has limited the comparability and generalizability of findings across the field. This study proposes a unified, learning analytics\u2013driven framework for evaluating the impact of GenAI chatbots on student learning. Grounded in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of diverse learner data, the framework integrates assessment outcomes, conversational interactions, engagement metrics, and student feedback. We demonstrate its application through a multi-week, quasi-experimental study using a Socratic-style chatbot designed with pedagogical intent. Using clustering techniques and statistical analysis, we identified patterns in student\u2013chatbot interaction and linked them to changes in learning outcomes. This framework provides researchers and educators with a replicable structure for evaluating GenAI interventions and advancing coherence in learning analytics\u2013based educational research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14070270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T09:38:27Z","timestamp":1752140307000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Systematic Approach to Evaluate the Use of Chatbots in Educational Contexts: Learning Gains, Engagements and Perceptions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Chit Lin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Nurabidah Binti","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4904-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maung","family":"Thway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Samuel Soo Hwee","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fun Siong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Weijia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Teaching and Learning Analytics for Students, Institute for Pedagogical Innovation, Research and Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.01.020","article-title":"Humanizing chatbots: The effects of visual, identity and conversational cues on humanness perceptions","volume":"97","author":"Go","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. 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