{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:09Z","timestamp":1760060109907,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lighting Systems (LSs) are a key component of modern cities. Across the years, thousands of articles have been published on this topic; nevertheless, a map of the state of the art of the extant literature is lacking. The present review reports on an analysis of the network of the co-occurrences of the authors\u2019 keywords from 12,148 Scopus-indexed articles on LSs published between 1995 and 2024. This review addresses the following research questions: (RQ1) What are the major topics explored by scholars in connection with LSs within the 1995\u20132024 time frame? (RQ2) How do they group together? The investigation leveraged VOSviewer, an open-source software largely used for performing bibliometric analyses. The number of thematic clusters returned by VOSviewer was determined by the value of the minimum number of occurrences needed for the authors\u2019 keywords to be admitted into the business analysis. If such a number is not properly chosen, the consequence is a set of clusters that do not represent meaningful patterns of the input dataset. In the present study, to overcome this issue, the threshold value balanced the score of four independent clustering validity indices against the authors\u2019 judgment of a meaningful partition of the input dataset. In addition, our review delved into the impact that the use\/non-use of a thesaurus of the authors\u2019 keywords had on the number and composition of the thematic clusters returned by VOSviewer and, ultimately, on how this choice affected the correctness of the interpretation of the clusters. The study adhered to a well-known protocol, whose implementation is reported in detail. Thus, the workflow is transparent and replicable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14080313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Map of the Research About Lighting Systems in the 1995\u20132024 Time Frame"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0195-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetanino","family":"Paolone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B2B S.r.l., 64100 Teramo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6598-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B2B S.r.l., 64100 Teramo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6971-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pilotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gruppo SI S.c.a.r.l., 64100 Teramo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2067-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romolo","family":"Paesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gruppo SI S.c.a.r.l., 64100 Teramo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5325-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Camplone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B2B S.r.l., 64100 Teramo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolino","family":"Di Felice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Kort, Y., and Michalos, A.C. (2014). Light and Quality of Life. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolone, P., Paesani, R., Pilotti, F., Camplone, J., Piazza, A., and Di Felice, P. (2025). Smart Lighting Systems: State-of-the-Art in the Adoption of the EdgeML Computing Paradigm. Future Internet, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.1425.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.04.070","article-title":"How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines","volume":"133","author":"Donthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-024-00738-0","article-title":"How to design bibliometric research: An overview and a framework proposal","volume":"18","author":"Kocaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia4020065","article-title":"Bibliometric Analysis: The Main Steps","volume":"4","author":"Passas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1712-5","article-title":"Information technology management domain: Emerging themes and keyword analysis","volume":"105","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesta, B., Fuerst, J., and Kirkegaard, E.O.W. (2018). Bibliometric Keyword Analysis across Seventeen Years (2000\u20132016) of Intelligence Articles. J. Intell., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence6040046"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narong, D.K., and Hallinger, P. (2023). A Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis of Research on Service Learning: Conceptual Foci and Emerging Research Trends. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040339"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114760","article-title":"How to combine and clean bibliometric data and use bibliometric tools synergistically: Guidelines using metaverse research","volume":"182","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Van Eck, N., and Waltman, L. (2023). Manual for VOSviewer Version 1.6.20, Universiteit Leiden and CWTS. Available online: https:\/\/www.vosviewer.com\/documentation\/Manual_VOSviewer_1.6.20.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghani, N.A., Teo, P.-C., Ho, T.C.F., Choo, L.S., Kelana, B.W.Y., Adam, S., and Ramliy, M.K. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends on Higher Education Internationalization Using Scopus Database: Towards Sustainability of Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148810"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities5020029","article-title":"Research Structure and Trends of Smart Urban Mobility","volume":"5","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"102510","article-title":"Social media platforms and social enterprise: Bibliometric analysis and systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102339","article-title":"A method for analyzing text using VOSviewer","volume":"11","author":"Bukar","year":"2023","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirby, A. (2023). Exploratory Bibliometrics: Using VOSviewer as a Preliminary Research Tool. Publications, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/publications11010010"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114583","article-title":"Systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of energy efficiency","volume":"200","author":"Tripathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anggraini, W., Ranggaini, D., Ariyani, A.P., and Sulistyowati, I. (2024). World Trends in Dental Ergonomics Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21040493"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viola, A., Hauge, J.B., Bug\u00e1r, G., Uckelmann, D., and Romagnoli, G. (2024, January 24\u201328). Moving from the Internet of Things to the Industrial Metaverse: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology, and Innovation (ICE\/ITMC), Funchal, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE\/ITMC61926.2024.10794235"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100314","article-title":"Leveraging VOSviewer approach for mapping, visualisation, and interpretation of crisis data for disaster management and decision-making","volume":"5","author":"Bukar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/digital3010006","article-title":"Technology Tools in Hospitality: Mapping the Landscape Through Bibliometric Analysis and Presentation of a New Software Solution","volume":"3","author":"Krabokoukis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digital"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"126","article-title":"Topic evolution and emerging topic analysis based on open-source software","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brzozowska-Rup, K., and Nowakowska, M. (2022). Bibliometric Studies on Renewable Energy\u2014Poland Compared to Other EU Countries. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15134577"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.18280\/ijsdp.191213","article-title":"Financial Sustainability for a Sustainable Future: A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Destriana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100411","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of social enterprise literature: Revisit to regroup","volume":"8","author":"Hisyam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Innov. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.11.014","article-title":"Past, present, and future of customer engagement","volume":"140","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121393","article-title":"Religion as a social shaping force in entrepreneurship and business: Insights from a technology-empowered systematic literature review","volume":"175","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities6020037","article-title":"A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in Smart Cities","volume":"6","author":"Alaeddini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampropoulos, G., Garz\u00f3n, J., Misra, S., and Siakas, K. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence of Things in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: State of the Art. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041091"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3738","article-title":"Trends, Collaborative Networks, and Impact of Infrared Thermography and Thermal Therapies in Dentistry: A Bibliometric Study","volume":"25","author":"Mauricio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.01.074","article-title":"Estimating the number of clusters in a dataset via consensus clustering","volume":"125","author":"Unlu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose-Garcia, A., and G\u00f3mez-Flores, W. (2021, January 10\u201314). A survey of cluster validity indices for automatic data clustering using differential evolution. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO \u201921), Lille, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3449639.3459341"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-021-09401-8","article-title":"Measurement of clustering effectiveness for document collections","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Retr. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachwal, A., Poplawska, E., Gorgol, I., Cieplak, T., Pliszczuk, D., Skowron, L., and Rymarczyk, T. (2023). Determining the Quality of a Dataset in Clustering Terms. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13052942"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannou, I., Christophorou, C., Nagaradjane, P., and Vassiliou, V. (2024, January 21\u201323). Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Cluster Metrics for Mobile Network Augmentation. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET61464.2024.10532825"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.10.004","article-title":"Are cluster validity measures (in) valid?","volume":"581","author":"Gagolewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/3606274.3606278","article-title":"Stop using the elbow criterion for k-means and how to choose the number of clusters instead","volume":"25","author":"Schubert","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explor. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllopoulos, L., Paxinou, E., Feretzakis, G., Kalles, D., and Verykios, V.S. (2024). Mapping How Artificial Intelligence Blends with Healthcare: Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis. Future Internet, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16070221"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"629","article-title":"A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks","volume":"4","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-025-00439-0","article-title":"Insights into blended learning research: A thorough bibliometric study","volume":"4","author":"Panday","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.115357","article-title":"Performance of geothermal energy piles in buildings: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review","volume":"331","author":"Baffa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263","article-title":"Who belongs in the family?","volume":"18","author":"Thorndike","year":"1953","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A Cluster Separation Measure","volume":"PAMI-1","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121124","article-title":"An internal validity index for arbitrarily shaped clusters","volume":"235","author":"Favati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Calinski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun. Stat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03948-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions: A comparative analysis","volume":"126","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"220103","article-title":"How good are my search strings? Reflections on using an existing review as a quasi-gold standard","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"e-Inform. Softw. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410410560609","article-title":"Introduction to bibliometrics for construction and maintenance of thesauri: Methodical considerations","volume":"60","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108152","article-title":"Supply chain transparency: A bibliometric review and research agenda","volume":"238","author":"Montecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/joe.22229","article-title":"Guidelines for interpreting the results of bibliometric analysis: A sensemaking approach","volume":"43","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Organ. Excell."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45137","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3169765","article-title":"Machine Learning Methods in Smart Lighting Toward Achieving User Comfort: A Survey","volume":"10","author":"Putrada","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchini, M., Piuri, V., Das, S., and Shaw, R.N. (2022). Smart Luminaires for Commercial Building by Application of Daylight Harvesting Systems. Advanced Computing and Intelligent Technologies. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2164-2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8834","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3237757","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient PAR-Based Horticultural Lighting System for Greenhouse Cultivation of Lettuce","volume":"11","author":"Mohagheghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Gulati, T., and Bindal, A.K. (2022, January 29\u201330). WSN based IoT applications: A Review. Proceedings of the 2022 10th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology\u2013Signal and Information Processing (ICETET-SIP-22), Nagpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETET-SIP-2254415.2022.9791495"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/41.836344","article-title":"A fuzzy-logic-controlled single-stage converter for PV-powered lighting system applications","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101499","article-title":"Artificial Neural Network based Smart and Energy Efficient Street Lighting System: A Case Study for Residential area in Hosur","volume":"48","author":"Mohandas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/8\/313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1760034071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/8\/313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["computers14080313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers14080313","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}