{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:01:26Z","timestamp":1770973286622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid proliferation of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) marks a pivotal moment in artificial intelligence, eliciting responses from academic shock to industrial awe. As these technologies advance from passive tools toward proactive, agentic systems, their transformative potential and inherent risks are magnified globally. This paper presents a comprehensive, critical review of ChatGPT\u2019s impact across five key domains: natural language understanding (NLU), content generation, knowledge discovery, education, and engineering. While ChatGPT demonstrates profound capabilities, significant challenges remain in factual accuracy, bias, and the inherent opacity of its reasoning\u2014a core issue termed the \u201cBlack Box Conundrum\u201d. To analyze these evolving dynamics and the implications of this shift toward autonomous agency, this review introduces a series of conceptual frameworks, each specifically designed to illuminate the complex interactions and trade-offs within these domains: the \u201cSpecialization vs. Generalization\u201d tension in NLU; the \u201cQuality\u2013Scalability\u2013Ethics Trilemma\u201d in content creation; the \u201cPedagogical Adaptation Imperative\u201d in education; and the emergence of \u201cHuman\u2013LLM Cognitive Symbiosis\u201d in engineering. The analysis reveals an urgent need for proactive adaptation across sectors. Educational paradigms must shift to cultivate higher-order cognitive skills, while professional practices (including practices within education sector) must evolve to treat AI as a cognitive partner, leveraging techniques like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and sophisticated prompt engineering. Ultimately, this paper argues for an overarching \u201cEthical\u2013Technical Co-evolution Imperative\u201d, charting a forward-looking research agenda that intertwines technological innovation with vigorous ethical and methodological standards to ensure responsible AI development and integration. Ultimately, the analysis reveals that the challenges of factual accuracy, bias, and opacity are interconnected and acutely magnified by the emergence of agentic systems, demanding a unified, proactive approach to adaptation across all sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14090366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T14:16:55Z","timestamp":1756822615000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["ChatGPT\u2019s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5752-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiwo Raphael","family":"Feyijimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Engineering Education Transformations Institute (EETI), College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Ogbeleakhu","family":"Aliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Education Transformations Institute (EETI), College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayodeji Emmanuel","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Sustainable Infrastructure Management Plus (RG-SIM+), Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340110, Ondo State, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas Omoregie","family":"Aghimien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Akhtarshenas, A., Dini, A., and Ayoobi, N. 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