{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:59:30Z","timestamp":1762869570620,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cassa dei Risparmi di Lucca Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid evolution of eHealth technologies has revolutionized healthcare, enabling data-driven decision-making and personalized care. Central to this transformation is interoperability, which ensures seamless communication among heterogeneous systems. This paper explores the critical role of interoperability, data management processes, and the use of international standards in enabling integrated healthcare solutions. We present an overview of interoperability dimensions\u2014technical, semantic, and organizational\u2014and align them with data management phases in a concise eHealth architecture. Furthermore, we examine two practical European use cases to demonstrate the extend of the proposed eHealth architecture, involving patients, environments, third parties, and healthcare providers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14090371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T08:08:46Z","timestamp":1756973326000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Complexity of eHealth Architecture: Lessons Learned from Application Use Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-729X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Barsotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9991-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerl","family":"Armin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT, Hochshule Munchen University of Applied Sciences, 80335 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4370-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilhelm","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Technology Campus Grafenau, 94469 Bayern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6063-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dalmiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Passino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx159","article-title":"Demographic trends and public health in Europe","volume":"27","author":"England","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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