{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:46:41Z","timestamp":1760060801923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23485656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23485656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the modern world. Early diagnosis significantly contributes to prolonging the life expectancy of patients. The application of intelligent systems and AI methods is crucial for diagnosing oncological diseases. Primarily, expert systems or decision support systems are utilized in such cases. This research explores early lung cancer diagnosis through protocol-based questioning, considering the impact of nuclear testing factors. Nuclear tests conducted historically continue to affect citizens\u2019 health. A classification of regions into five groups was proposed based on their proximity to nuclear test sites. The weighting coefficient was assigned accordingly, in proportion to the distance from the test zones. In this study, existing expert systems were analyzed and classified. Approaches used to build diagnostic expert systems for oncological diseases were grouped by how well they apply to different tumor localizations. An online questionnaire based on the lung cancer diagnostic protocol was created to gather input data for the neural network. To support this diagnostic method, a functional block diagram of the intelligent system \u201cOncology\u201d was developed. The following methods were used to create the mathematical model: gradient boosting, multilayer perceptron, and Hamming network. Finally, a web application architecture for early lung cancer detection was proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14090397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:45:46Z","timestamp":1758206746000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an Early Lung Cancer Diagnosis Method Based on a Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Indira","family":"Karymsakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinara","family":"Kozhakhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Dariga","family":"Bekenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technologies, Higher School of Business and Digital Technologies, University \u201cTuran-Astana\u201d, Y Dukenuly, 29a Street, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Danila","family":"Ostroukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roza","family":"Bekbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Lazat","family":"Kydyralina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Bugubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Engineering and IT-Analytics, Faculty of Finance, Logistics and Digital Technologies, Karaganda University of Kazpotrebsouz, 9 Academic St., Karaganda 100009, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Dinara","family":"Kurushbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Digital Technologies and Construction, Department of Automation and Information Technologies, Shakarim University, St. Glinka, 20A, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210045","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0045-2021","article-title":"Lungcancer isalsoahereditary disease","volume":"30","author":"Benusiglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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