{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:28:57Z","timestamp":1781976537433,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSC \u201cInstitute of Digital Engineering and Technology\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyber threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated, especially in distributed infrastructures where systems are deeply interconnected. To address this, we developed a framework that automates how organizations discover their digital assets and assess which ones are the most at risk. The approach integrates diverse public information sources, including WHOIS records, DNS data, and SSL certificates, into a unified analysis pipeline without relying on intrusive probing. For risk scoring we applied Gradient Boosted Decision Trees, which proved more robust with messy real-world data than other models we tested. DBSCAN clustering was used to detect unusual exposure patterns across assets. In validation on organizational data, the framework achieved 93.3% accuracy in detecting known vulnerabilities and an F1-score of 0.92 for asset classification. More importantly, security teams spent about 58% less time on manual triage and false alarm handling. The system also demonstrated reasonable scalability, indicating that automated OSINT analysis can provide a practical and resource-efficient way for organizations to maintain visibility over their attack surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14100430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Automated OSINT Techniques for Digital Asset Discovery and Cyber Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1184-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetiana","family":"Babenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybersecurity, International IT University, Manas Str., 34\/1, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateryna","family":"Kolesnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, International IT University, Manas Str., 34\/1, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Abramkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybersecurity, Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications Named After Gumarbek Daukeev, Baitursynuly Str., 126, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelizaveta","family":"Vitulyova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Laboratory for the Collective Use of Information and Space Technologies (NSLC IST), 22 Satbayev Street, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"JSC \u201cInstitute of Digital Engineering and Technology\u201d, 22\/5 Satbayev Street, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department Smart Technologies in Engineering, International Engineering Technological University, 89\/21 Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights (2025, September 09). 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