{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:24:08Z","timestamp":1780050248101,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article introduces an innovative hybrid methodology that integrates deterministic Mixed-Integer Linear Programming optimization with stochastic Agent-Based Simulation to address the PDP-TW. The approach is applied to real-world operational data from a luggage-handling company in Lisbon, covering 158 service requests from January 2025. The MILP model generates optimal routing and task allocation plans, which are subsequently stress-tested under realistic uncertainties, such as variability in travel and service times, using ABS implemented in AnyLogic. The framework is iterative: violations of temporal or capacity constraints identified during the simulation are fed back into the optimization model, enabling successive adjustments until robust and feasible solutions are achieved for real-world scenarios. Additionally, the study incorporates transshipment scenarios, evaluating the impact of using warehouses as temporary hubs for order redistribution. Results include a comparative analysis between deterministic and stochastic models regarding operational efficiency, time window adherence, reduction in travel distances, and potential decreases in CO2 emissions. This work provides a contribution to the literature by proposing a practical and robust decision-support framework aligned with contemporary demands for sustainability and efficiency in urban logistics, overcoming the limitations of purely deterministic approaches by explicitly reflecting real-world uncertainties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14110462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T04:26:29Z","timestamp":1761711989000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decision Support for Cargo Pickup and Delivery Under Uncertainty: A Combined Agent-Based Simulation and Optimization Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan Paula Ramos","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Borges","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Management and Industrial Engineering\/CIDMA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP) Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Vasconcelos Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP) Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Eduardo Santos","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. 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