{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:57:08Z","timestamp":1764957428198,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dyslexia is not easily observed from outward appearance alone; differences typically emerge through learning performance and certain behavioral indicators. This study introduces the Direction Game, a computer-based task that uses mouse-tracking to capture behavioral signals related to directional perception, a common challenge among children at risk for dyslexia. The prototype consists of language-independent mini-games targeting three main types of directional confusion and was piloted with 102 primary school students. Analyses showed that concentration-related variables, particularly attentional control and visuo-motor planning, may provide more informative indicators of risk than simple accuracy scores. Machine learning models demonstrated promising classification performance relative to standardized school screening protocols. Additionally, an exploratory analysis of mouse trajectories revealed five tentative interaction profiles: hesitation, impulsivity, deliberate processing, fluent performance, and disengagement. Together, these findings highlight the potential of a simple, game-based mouse-tracking tool to support accessible and preliminary dyslexia risk assessment in classroom environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14120532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T16:07:38Z","timestamp":1764864458000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Directional Perception in Game-Based Dyslexia Risk Screening: A Mouse-Tracking Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4399-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natsinee","family":"Tangsiripaiboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakgasit","family":"Ramingwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Cosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narissara","family":"Eiamkanitchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachana","family":"Ramingwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Learning Disorders and Comorbidity","volume":"60","author":"Piyasil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Assoc. Thailand"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauschenberger, M., Baeza-Yates, R., and Rello, L. (2019). Technologies for Dyslexia. Web Accessibility: A Foundation for Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-7440-0_31"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Srihirunratsamee, S. (2025, November 25). Dyslexia (\u0e42\u0e23\u0e04\u0e14\u0e34\u0e2a\u0e40\u0e25\u0e01\u0e40\u0e0b\u0e35\u0e22). (In Thailand)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ebere, C.S. (2015). Understanding Dyslexia, Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Siriratraka, T. (2025, November 25). L.D.\u2014Learning Disabilities. Available online: https:\/\/th.rajanukul.go.th\/preview-3590.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, C., Northstone, K., Sabates, R., Feinstein, L., Emond, A., and Dutton, G.N. (2011). Visual perceptual difficulties and under-achievement at school in a large community-based sample of children. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014772"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, April 14). Directional Confusion May Be a Sign of Dyslexia\u2014Edublox Online Tutor. Available online: https:\/\/www.edubloxtutor.com\/directional-confusion-may-sign-dyslexia\/."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"206","article-title":"Delayed Development of Speech with Special Reference to Dyslexia","volume":"56","author":"Gooddy","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fink, N. (2025). Explainable YOLO-Based Dyslexia Detection in Synthetic Handwriting Data. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robaa, M., Balat, M., Awaad, R., Omar, E., and Aly, S.A. (2024). Explainable AI in Handwriting Detection for Dyslexia Using Transfer Learning. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/JAC-ECC64419.2024.11061192"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toki, E.I. (2024). Using Eye-Tracking to Assess Dyslexia: A Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14111256"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson Benfatto, M., \u00d6qvist Seimyr, G., Ygge, J., Pansell, T., Rydberg, A., and Jacobson, C. (2016). Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165508"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rello, L., and Miguel, B. (2015, January 18\u201320). Detecting Readers with Dyslexia Using Machine Learning with Eye Tracking Measures. Proceedings of the 12th International Web for All Conference, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2745555.2746644"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2287","article-title":"Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses","volume":"72","author":"Molfese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.185","article-title":"From language to reading and dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Snowling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dleksia Game: A mobile dyslexia screening test game to screen dyslexia using Malay language instruction","volume":"16","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"133","article-title":"Development of the Game-Based Pre-Screening Test for Students with Dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Tarmezi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Comput. Math."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.06.009","article-title":"Digital games-based learning for children with dyslexia: A social constructivist perspective on engagement and learning during group game-play","volume":"114","author":"Vasalou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.32870\/recibe.v13i3.372","article-title":"Beat by Beat: Designing a Rhythm Game for Screening Dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Caro","year":"2024","journal-title":"ReCIBE"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2025.2452979","article-title":"Digital game-based learning for dynamic assessment and early intervention targeting reading difficulties: Cross-linguistic studies of GraphoLearn","volume":"39","author":"Maassen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Linguist. Phon."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-017-9748-y","article-title":"Towards identifying dyslexia in Standard Indonesian: The development of a reading assessment battery","volume":"30","author":"Jap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kariyawasam, R., Nadeeshani, M., Hamid, T., Subasinghe, I., and Ratnayake, P. (2019, January 5\u20136). A Gamified Approach for Screening and Intervention of Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and Dyscalculia. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Advancements in Computing, ICAC 2019, Malabe, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC49085.2019.9103336"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kothapalli, P.K.V., Rathikarani, V., and Nookala, G.K.M. (2022). Prediction of dyslexia and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder prediction using ensemble classifier model. Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-022-01724-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puritat, K., Atsawakornkan, T., and Intawong, K. (2023, January 22\u201325). Using a Screening Risk of Dyslexia Game to Evaluate Students with Learning Disabilities Through the Use of Language-Independent Content and Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2023 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (ECTI DAMT & NCON), Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECTIDAMTNCON57770.2023.10139460"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29541","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3539719","article-title":"Screening Dyslexia Using Visual Auditory Computer Games and Machine Learning","volume":"13","author":"Rauschenberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"511","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Research Dimensions Towards Dyslexia Screening Using Machine Learning","volume":"104","author":"Jan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v15i13.11011","article-title":"ICTs as a distinct detection approach for dyslexia screening: A contemporary view","volume":"15","author":"Drigas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangsiripaiboon, N., Ramingwong, L., and Ramingwong, S. (2022, January 5\u20138). Screening for The Risk of Dyslexia in Children through a Redesigned Game. Proceedings of the ITC-CSCC 2022\u201437th International Technical Conference on Circuits\/Systems, Computers and Communications, Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC-CSCC55581.2022.9894965"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rello, L., Williams, K., Ali, A., White, N.C., and Bigham, J.P. (2016, January 11\u201313). Dytective: Towards detecting dyslexia across languages using an online game. Proceedings of the W4A 2016\u201413th Web for All Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2899475.2899491"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauschenberger, M., Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., and Bigham, J.P. (2018., January 23\u201325). Towards language independent detection of dyslexia with a web-based game. Proceedings of the 15th Web for All Conference: Internet of Accessible Things, W4A 2018, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3192714.3192816"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauschenberger, M., Baeza-Yates, R., and Rello, L. (2022). A Universal Screening Tool for Dyslexia by a Web-Game and Machine Learning. Front. Comput. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.628634"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlGhamdi, A.S. (2022). Novel Ensemble Model Recommendation Approach for the Detection of Dyslexia. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091337"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.226","article-title":"MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method","volume":"42","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Grimes, M., Valacich, J.S., and Grimes, G.M. (2025, November 25). Mind Over Mouse: The Effect of Cognitive Load on Mouse Movement Behavior. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/320471876."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-15761","DOI":"10.15761\/JSIN.1000150","article-title":"Relationships between Eye Movements during Sentence Reading Comprehension, Word Spelling and Reading, and DTI and fMRI Connectivity in Students with and without Dysgraphia or Dyslexia","volume":"3","author":"Yagle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01194-x","article-title":"Mouse tracking as a window into decision making","volume":"51","author":"Maldonado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.C., Li, K.A., Yeh, S.L., and Chien, S.Y. (2022). Assessing Perceptual Load and Cognitive Load by Fixation-Related Information of Eye Movements. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031187"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-020-00718-7","article-title":"Hand dexterity assessment based on mouse pointer trajectory measurements in children with learning disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3384290","article-title":"ADPS\u2014A Prescreening Tool for Students with Dyslexia in Learning Traditional Chinese","volume":"17","author":"Fung","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zygouris, N.C., Vlachos, F., Styliaras, S.K., Tziallas, G.D., and Avramidis, E. (2025). Validation of the Askisi-Lexia neuropsychological web-based screener: A neuropsychological battery for screening cognitive and phonological skills of children with dyslexia. Appl. Neuropsychol. Child, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2025.2461192"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2629558","article-title":"Serious games for early identification of developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Gaggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Entertain."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2352205","article-title":"Serious Game for Dyslexia Screening: Design and Verification","volume":"41","author":"Rextina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1844-5_32","article-title":"An Effective Feature Selection and Classification Technique Based on Ensemble Learning for Dyslexia Detection","volume":"131","author":"Jan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Data Eng. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.05.009","article-title":"Directional motion contrast sensitivity in developmental dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Slaghuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauschenberger, M., Lins, C., Rousselle, N., Hein, A., and Fudickar, S. (2019). Designing a new puzzle app to target dyslexia screening in pre-readers. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3342428.3342679"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01896-8","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Nicolson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0030-6","article-title":"Dyslexia: The Role of Vision and Visual Attention","volume":"1","author":"Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000184","article-title":"Phonological skills, visual attention span, and visual stress in developmental dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Saksida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Paimpuech, R. (2011). The Relationships Between Intelligence Scores on the Intelligence Abilities Test (WISC-III) in Thai and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (LEITER-R) Test Results for Children with Learning Disabilities, Ramkhamhaeng University."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580600943473","article-title":"A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods","volume":"13","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Utairatanakit, D., and Saengsawang, T. (2013). Problems and Needs of Using the KUS-SI Rating Scales: ADHD\/LD\/Autisms (PDDs). Indian Ocean Comparative Education Society-IOCES, Khon Kaen University."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Utairatanakit, D., Srisukvatananan, P., Ngamsamut, N., Saengsawang, T., and Wungwisesgusol, C. (2009, January 17\u201320). The Identification, Screening, and Diagnoses for Person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Learning Disorders, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders\/Autism. Proceedings of the 47th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000457","article-title":"Emergent Literacy in Thai Preschoolers: A Preliminary Study","volume":"38","author":"Yampratoom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamsai, P., Boonnak, S., and Ruangcham, C. (2025, November 25). Studying the Current Situation of Screening, Providing Assistance, and Monitoring Elementary School Students with Learning Disabilities in Thailand. Available online: https:\/\/so02.tci-thaijo.org\/index.php\/hasss.","DOI":"10.69598\/hasss.24.3.269177"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leontyev, A., Sun, S., Wolfe, M., and Yamauchi, T. (2018). Augmented Go\/No-Go task: Mouse cursor motion measures improve ADHD symptom assessment in healthy college students. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00496"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648159","article-title":"Comparison of deficits in cognitive and motor skills among children with dyslexia","volume":"44","author":"Nicolson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.H., Liao, R.M., Su, C.I., Chien, C.Y., Ng, C.T., and Yen, N.S. (2023). Interval timing relative to response inhibition in the differential reinforcement of low-rate responding in normally developing young adults. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39160-z"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Delgado-G\u00f3mez, D., Sujar, A., Wang, P., Martin-Moratinos, M., Bella-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Mas\u00f3-Besga, A.E., Pe\u00f1uelas-Calvo, I., Ardoy-Cuadros, J., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Liebo, P. (2024). Assessment of ADHD Subtypes Using Motion Tracking Recognition Based on Stroop Color\u2013Word Tests. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020323"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Kiziewicz, M., and Biggs, I. (2025, November 25). CASCADE\u2014Creativity Across Science, Art, Dyslexia, Education. Available online: http:\/\/www.bath.ac.uk\/cascade\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0067-1","article-title":"Dyslexia\u2014Early Identification and Prevention: Highlights from the Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia","volume":"2","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0007","article-title":"Time estimation deficits in developmental dyslexia: Evidence of cerebellar involvement","volume":"259","author":"Nicolson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12736","article-title":"Mouse movements reflect personality traits and task attentiveness in online experiments","volume":"91","author":"Meidenbauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Mancuso, L., Tancredi, C., Provola, M., Marino, L., Coppola, E., and Presta, R. (2023). Predicting Dyslexia in Children Through Game-Based Screening: Introducing Fluffy the Game. PLAY SERIOUSLY: The Transformative Power of Video Games, WriteUp."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsecp.2011.28.2.33","article-title":"The Computerised-based Lucid Rapid Dyslexia Screening for the Identification of Children at Risk of Dyslexia: A Singapore study","volume":"2","author":"Brookes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Child Psychol."}],"container-title":["Computers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/12\/532\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1764957181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-431X\/14\/12\/532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["computers14120532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/computers14120532","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-431X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-431X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]}}}